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Nephrology, Urology. Acute kidney injury ( AKI ), previously called acute renal failure ( ARF ), [ 1][ 2] is a sudden decrease in kidney function that develops within 7 days, [ 3] as shown by an increase in serum creatinine or a decrease in urine output, or both. [ 4]
Acute tubular necrosis ( ATN) is a medical condition involving the death of tubular epithelial cells that form the renal tubules of the kidneys. Because necrosis is often not present, the term acute tubular injury ( ATI) is preferred by pathologists over the older name acute tubular necrosis (ATN). [ 1] ATN presents with acute kidney injury ...
Gitelman syndrome ( GS) is an autosomal recessive kidney tubule disorder characterized by low blood levels of potassium and magnesium, decreased excretion of calcium in the urine, and elevated blood pH. [ 2] It is the most frequent hereditary salt-losing tubulopathy.
Nephrotic syndrome is a collection of symptoms due to kidney damage. This includes protein in the urine, low blood albumin levels, high blood lipids, and significant swelling. Other symptoms may include weight gain, feeling tired, and foamy urine. Complications may include blood clots, infections, and high blood pressure.
Kidney failure, also known as end-stage renal disease ( ESRD ), is a medical condition in which the kidneys can no longer adequately filter waste products from the blood, functioning at less than 15% of normal levels. [ 2] Kidney failure is classified as either acute kidney failure, which develops rapidly and may resolve; and chronic kidney ...
Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood products into a person's circulation intravenously. [ 1] Transfusions are used for various medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood. Early transfusions used whole blood, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood, such as red blood cells, plasma ...
Fanconi syndrome or Fanconi's syndrome ( English: / fɑːnˈkoʊni /, / fæn -/) is a syndrome of inadequate reabsorption in the proximal renal tubules [ 1] of the kidney. The syndrome can be caused by various underlying congenital or acquired diseases, by toxicity (for example, from toxic heavy metals ), or by adverse drug reactions. [ 2]
Renal infarction is a medical condition caused by an abrupt disruption of the renal blood flow in either one of the segmental branches or the major ipsilateral renal artery. [ 3] Patients who have experienced an acute renal infarction usually report sudden onset flank pain, which is often accompanied by fever, nausea, and vomiting.