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Cardiotocography ( CTG) is a technique used to monitor the fetal heartbeat and uterine contractions during pregnancy and labour. The machine used to perform the monitoring is called a cardiotocograph . Fetal heart sounds were described as early as 350 years ago and approximately 200 years ago mechanical stethoscopes, such as the Pinard horn ...
The three-tier system of alcohol distribution is the system for distributing alcoholic beverages set up in the United States after the repeal of Prohibition. [1] The three tiers are importers or producers; distributors; and retailers. The basic structure of the system is that producers can sell their products only to wholesale distributors who ...
A normal nonstress test will show a baseline fetal heart rate between 110 and 160 beats per minute with moderate variability (5- to 25-interbeat variability) and 2 qualifying accelerations in 20 minutes with no decelerations. "Reactive" is defined as the presence of two or more fetal heart rate accelerations within a 20-minute period. Each ...
A contraction stress test (CST) is performed near the end of pregnancy (34 weeks' gestation) to determine how well the fetus will cope with the contractions of childbirth. The aim is to induce contractions and monitor the fetus to check for heart rate abnormalities using a cardiotocograph. A CST is one type of antenatal fetal surveillance ...
Biophysical profile. A biophysical profile ( BPP) is a prenatal ultrasound evaluation of fetal well-being involving a scoring system, [1] with the score being termed Manning's score. [2] It is often done when a non-stress test (NST) is non reactive, or for other obstetrical indications. The "modified biophysical profile" consists of the NST and ...
Fetal scalp blood testing is a technique used in obstetrics during active labor to confirm whether a fetus is receiving enough oxygen. This is a supplementary procedure used to determine if fetal acidemia has occurred following fetal cardiac distress. [1] While continuous fetal heart rate monitoring is the primary method for assessing fetal ...
There are 6 General Rules in all, which must be applied in consecutive order. GRI 1 prescribes how to classify products at the 4-digit Heading level, based on the wording of the headings and the relative HS Section and Chapter Notes. GRI 2 prescribes how to classify both incomplete and unassembled goods, and mixtures and combinations of goods.
Bishop score. Bishop score, also Bishop's score or cervix score, is a pre- labor scoring system to assist in predicting whether induction of labor will be required. [1] It has also been used to assess the likelihood of spontaneous preterm delivery. [2] The Bishop score was developed by Professor Emeritus of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Edward ...