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When any of these pool chemicals are used, it is very important to keep the pH of the pool in the range 7.2 to 7.8 – according to the Langelier Saturation Index, or 7.8 to 8.2 – according to the Hamilton Index; higher pH drastically reduces the sanitizing power of the chlorine due to reduced oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), while lower ...
Salt water chlorination is a process that uses dissolved salt (1000–4000 ppm or 1–4 g/L) for the chlorination of swimming pools and hot tubs.The chlorine generator (also known as salt cell, salt generator, salt chlorinator, or SWG) uses electrolysis in the presence of dissolved salt to produce chlorine gas or its dissolved forms, hypochlorous acid and sodium hypochlorite, which are already ...
Alkalinity. Sea surface alkalinity (from the GLODAP climatology ). Alkalinity (from Arabic: القلوية, romanized : al-qaly, lit. 'ashes of the saltwort ') [ 1] is the capacity of water to resist acidification. [ 2] It should not be confused with basicity, which is an absolute measurement on the pH scale.
In an acidic medium at pH values of around 4, chloramine disproportionates to form dichloramine, which in turn disproportionates again at pH values below 3 to form nitrogen trichloride: 2 NH 2 Cl + H + ⇌ NHCl 2 + NH + 4 3 NHCl 2 + H + ⇌ 2 NCl 3 + NH + 4. At low pH values, nitrogen trichloride dominates and at pH 3–5 dichloramine dominates.
Here’s a quick science lesson: Every food and drink has a pH level, from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very basic, or alkaline). Normal drinking water, for its part, usually has a pH of 7. Alkaline ...
The reaction can be written as: −OCl + H+ ⇌ HOCl. Sodium hypochlorite solutions combined with acid evolve chlorine gas, particularly strongly at pH < 2, by the reactions: HOCl (aq) + Cl− + H+ ⇌ Cl2(aq) + H2O. Cl2(aq) ⇌ Cl2(g) At pH > 8, the chlorine is practically all in the form of hypochlorite anions ( OCl− ).
The alkali–silica reaction ( ASR ), also commonly known as concrete cancer, [ 3] is a deleterious internal swelling reaction that occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and the reactive amorphous ( i.e., non-crystalline) silica found in many common aggregates, given sufficient moisture.
The measurement of pH can become difficult at extremely acidic or alkaline conditions, such as below pH 2.5 (ca. 0.003 mol/dm 3 acid) or above pH 10.5 (above ca. 0.0003 mol/dm 3 alkaline). This is due to the breakdown of the Nernst equation in such conditions when using a glass electrode.
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