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Frequency. 2% of people over 65 (developed world) [ 1] Aortic stenosis ( AS or AoS) is the narrowing of the exit of the left ventricle of the heart (where the aorta begins), such that problems result. [ 1] It may occur at the aortic valve as well as above and below this level. [ 1] It typically gets worse over time. [ 1]
Chronic venous insufficiency ( CVI) is a medical condition in which blood pools in the veins, straining the walls of the vein. [ 1] The most common cause of CVI is superficial venous reflux which is a treatable condition. [ 2] As functional venous valves are required to provide for efficient blood return from the lower extremities, this ...
Moyamoya disease is a disease in which certain arteries in the brain are constricted. Blood flow is blocked by constriction and blood clots ( thrombosis ). [ 2] A collateral circulation develops around the blocked vessels to compensate for the blockage, but the collateral vessels are small, weak, and prone to bleeding, aneurysm and thrombosis.
Frequency. 1 in 5,000–10,000 [ 4] Marfan syndrome ( MFS) is a multi-systemic genetic disorder that affects the connective tissue. [ 6][ 7][ 1] Those with the condition tend to be tall and thin, with long arms, legs, fingers, and toes. [ 1] They also typically have exceptionally flexible joints and abnormally curved spines. [ 1]
A ventricular outflow tract obstruction means there is a limitation in the blood flow out of either the right or left ventricles of the heart, depending on where the obstruction is. This can lead to cardiac hypertrophy, dilatation of the heart, and ultimately heart failure in some cases. [1] The right side of the heart is much smaller and ...
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Quadricuspid aortic valves are very rare cardiac valvular anomalies with a prevalence of 0.013% to 0.043% of cardiac cases [4] and a prevalence of 1 in 6000 patients that undertake aortic valve surgery. [5] There is a slight male predominance in all of the cases, and the mean age is 50.7. [5]
Underlying causes include weak or damaged valves in the veins. [1] They are typically diagnosed by examination, including observation by ultrasound. [2] By contrast, spider veins affect the capillaries and are smaller. [1] [7] Treatment may involve lifestyle changes or medical procedures with the goal of improving symptoms and appearance. [1]