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This page lists substances that may cause or contribute to the development of cancer, depending on amount of exposure, an individual's genetic background, and other factors.
See Risk Factors for Cancer for more information about known and suspected carcinogens. Who decides which environmental exposures cause cancer in humans?
Learn about ethylene oxide, which can raise your risk of lymphoma and leukemia. Exposure may occur through industrial emissions, tobacco smoke, and the use of products sterilized with ethylene oxide, such as certain medical products or cosmetics.
What is formaldehyde? How is the general population exposed to formaldehyde? What are the short-term health effects of formaldehyde exposure? Can formaldehyde cause cancer? What have scientists learned about the relationship between formaldehyde and cancer? What has been done to protect workers from formaldehyde?
Learn about vinyl chloride, a manmade colorless gas that can raise the risk of a rare form of liver cancer, as well as brain and lung cancers, leukemia, and lymphoma.
Treatments used to straighten or relax hair contain a mixture of chemicals. Some formulations contain the carcinogen formaldehyde as an active ingredient. Several studies have found associations between the use of hair straighteners or relaxers and the subsequent development of breast cancer.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a chemical used to make refrigerants and as a metal degreaser. It may be found in contaminated soil or water near military bases and in some commercial and household cleaning products. TCE exposure may cause kidney cancer and increase the risk of lymphoma and liver cancer.
A fact sheet that lists some of the cancer-causing chemicals in tobacco smoke and describes the health problems caused by cigarette smoking and the benefits of quitting.
Studies of water contaminants that are thought to be associated with cancer risk, including arsenic, disinfection byproducts, nitrate, and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS).
A fact sheet that explains how certain chemicals form in meat cooked using high-temperature methods. Includes results of research on consumption of these chemicals and cancer risk.