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In practice, Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America and in some others, beginning in the 1870s. Jim Crow laws were upheld in 1896 in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, in which the Supreme Court laid out its "separate but equal" legal doctrine concerning ...
List of Jim Crow law examples by state. A Black American drinks from a segregated water cooler in 1939 at a streetcar terminal in Oklahoma City. This is a list of examples of Jim Crow laws, which were state, territorial, and local laws in the United States enacted between 1877 and 1965. Jim Crow laws existed throughout the United States and ...
Lynching of John William Clark in Cartersville, Georgia, September 1930, after killing Police Chief J. B. Jenkins [1] Lynching was the widespread occurrence of extrajudicial killings which began in the United States ' pre–Civil War South in the 1830s and ended during the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s.
Anna Pauline " Pauli " Murray (November 20, 1910 – July 1, 1985) was an American civil rights activist, advocate, legal scholar and theorist, author and – later in life – an Episcopal priest. Murray's work influenced the civil rights movement and expanded legal protection for gender equality . Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Murray was ...
The mammy is usually portrayed as an older woman, overweight, and dark skinned. She is an idealized figure of a caregiver: amiable, loyal, maternal, non-threatening, obedient, and submissive. The mammy figure demonstrates deference to white authority. On occasion, the mammy is also depicted as a sassy woman.
The memorial was erected in 1915, during the peak of Confederate monument-building, part of widespread campaigns to promote and justify Jim Crow laws in the South. [4] [5] [6] A plaque says the memorial honors women of the Confederate states who "sacrificed their all upon their country's altar" during the Confederacy's 1861-65 war to secede ...
A British image in the Library of Congress, which may have been created as early as 1847, shows a smiling black woman named "Miss Jim-Ima Crow", with a framed image of "James Crow" on the wall behind her. A character named "Aunt Jemima" appeared on the stage in Washington, D.C., as early as 1864.
Annie Easley (April 23, 1933 – June 25, 2011) was an African American computer scientist and mathematician who made critical contributions to NASA 's rocket systems and energy technologies. Easley's early work involved running simulations at NASA's Plum Brook Reactor Facility and studying the effects of rocket launches on earth's ozone layer.