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2. Propositional calculus - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_calculus

   The propositional calculus[ a ] is a branch of logic. [ 1 ] It is also called propositional logic, [ 2 ]statement logic, [ 1 ]sentential calculus, [ 3 ]sentential logic, [ 1 ] or sometimes zeroth-order logic. [ 4 ][ 5 ] It deals with propositions [ 1 ] (which can be true or false) [ 6 ] and relations between propositions, [ 7 ] including the ...

3. Exclusive or - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_or

   Exclusive or. Exclusive or, exclusive disjunction, exclusive alternation, logical non-equivalence, or logical inequality is a logical operator whose negation is the logical biconditional. With two inputs, XOR is true if and only if the inputs differ (one is true, one is false). With multiple inputs, XOR is true if and only if the number of true ...

4. Benford's law - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benford's_law

   Many real-world examples of Benford's law arise from multiplicative fluctuations. [25] For example, if a stock price starts at $100, and then each day it gets multiplied by a randomly chosen factor between 0.99 and 1.01, then over an extended period the probability distribution of its price satisfies Benford's law with higher and higher accuracy.

5. Order (group theory) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(group_theory)

   For example, in the symmetric group shown above, where ord(S 3) = 6, the possible orders of the elements are 1, 2, 3 or 6. The following partial converse is true for finite groups : if d divides the order of a group G and d is a prime number , then there exists an element of order d in G (this is sometimes called Cauchy's theorem ).

6. Degree of a polynomial - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_a_polynomial

   In mathematics, the degree of a polynomial is the highest of the degrees of the polynomial's monomials (individual terms) with non-zero coefficients. The degree of a term is the sum of the exponents of the variables that appear in it, and thus is a non-negative integer. For a univariate polynomial, the degree of the polynomial is simply the ...

7. Ordinal arithmetic - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_arithmetic

   There are arithmetic operations on ordinals by virtue of the one-to-one correspondence between ordinals and nimbers. Three common operations on nimbers are nimber addition, nimber multiplication, and minimum excludance (mex). Nimber addition is a generalization of the bitwise exclusive or operation on natural numbers.