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Opium (or poppy tears, scientific name: Lachryma papaveris) is dried latex obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum. [ 4] Approximately 12 percent of opium is made up of the analgesic alkaloid morphine, which is processed chemically to produce heroin and other synthetic opioids for medicinal use and for the illegal ...
Imports of opium into China stood at 200 chests annually in 1729, [ 1] when the first anti-opium edict was promulgated. [ 2][ 3] By the time Chinese authorities reissued the prohibition in starker terms in 1799, [ 4] the figure had leaped; 4,500 chests were imported in the year 1800. [ 1] The decade of the 1830s witnessed a rapid rise in opium ...
It is known as the Opium Factory Ghazipur or, more formally, the Government Opium and Alkaloid Works. It is the largest factory of its kind in the country and indeed the world. [27] The factory was initially run by the East India Company and was used by the British during the First and Second Opium Wars with China. [4]
In 'Smoke and Ashes,' Amitav Ghosh draws comparisons between America's modern opioid crisis and the West's flooding of China with opium in the 18th century.
The First Opium War ( Chinese : 第一次鴉片戰爭; pinyin : Dìyīcì yāpiàn zhànzhēng ), also known as the Anglo-Chinese War, was a series of military engagements fought between the British Empire and the Qing dynasty of China between 1839 and 1842.
Laudanum is a tincture of opium containing approximately 10% powdered opium by weight (the equivalent of 1% morphine ). [ 1] Laudanum is prepared by dissolving extracts from the opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum) in alcohol ( ethanol ). Reddish-brown in color and extremely bitter, laudanum contains several opium alkaloids, including morphine and ...
In 1944 Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain mass-produced penicillin. In 1948 Raymond P. Ahlquist published his seminal work where divided adrenoceptors into α- and β-adrenoceptor subtypes, this allowed a better understanding of drugs mechanisms of action . In 1987, after Montreal Protocol, CFC inhalers were phased out and HFA inhalers ...
The monopoly initially led to an increase in revenue achieved by inflated prices of opium and an overall decrease of smokers. The outcome of the Opium Edict suggests that the Opium policy had a twofold function, in that, revenue was needed to fund Japan's occupation of Formosa and that controlling opium usage in Taiwan was a direct method of ...