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Atoms are the basic particles of the chemical elements. An atom consists of a nucleus of protons and generally neutrons, surrounded by an electromagnetically bound swarm of electrons. The chemical elements are distinguished from each other by the number of protons that are in their atoms. For example, any atom that contains 11 protons is sodium ...
History of atomic theory. The current theoretical model of the atom involves a dense nucleus surrounded by a probabilistic "cloud" of electrons. Atomic theory is the scientific theory that matter is composed of particles called atoms. The definition of the word "atom" has changed over the years in response to scientific discoveries.
Atomism (from Greek ἄτομον, atomon, i.e. "uncuttable, indivisible") [1] [2] [3] is a natural philosophy proposing that the physical universe is composed of fundamental indivisible components known as atoms . References to the concept of atomism and its atoms appeared in both ancient Greek and ancient Indian philosophical traditions.
The Rutherford model was devised by Ernest Rutherford to describe an atom. Rutherford directed the Geiger–Marsden experiment in 1909, which suggested, upon Rutherford's 1911 analysis, that J. J. Thomson 's plum pudding model of the atom was incorrect. Rutherford's new model [1] for the atom, based on the experimental results, contained new ...
A molecular model is a physical model of an atomistic system that represents molecules and their processes. They play an important role in understanding chemistry and generating and testing hypotheses. The creation of mathematical models of molecular properties and behavior is referred to as molecular modeling, and their graphical depiction is ...
Molecular geometry is the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms that constitute a molecule. It includes the general shape of the molecule as well as bond lengths, bond angles, torsional angles and any other geometrical parameters that determine the position of each atom. Molecular geometry influences several properties of a substance ...
CPK coloring. A plastic ball-and-stick model of proline. These models usually comply with CPK coloring. In chemistry, the CPK coloring (for Corey – Pauling – Koltun) is a popular color convention for distinguishing atoms of different chemical elements in molecular models.
e. Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus. Atomic physics typically refers to the study of atomic structure and the interaction between atoms. [1] It is primarily concerned with the way in which electrons are arranged around the nucleus and the processes by which these ...
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