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  2. Alcohol by volume - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume

    Alcohol by volume. Alcohol by volume (abbreviated as alc/vol or ABV) is a standard measure of the volume of alcohol contained in a given volume of an alcoholic beverage, expressed as a volume percent. [ 1][ 2][ 3] It is defined as the number of millilitres (mL) of pure ethanol present in 100 mL (3.5 imp fl oz; 3.4 US fl oz) of solution at 20 ...

  3. Chemical formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula

    Such a formula might be written using decimal fractions, as in Fe 0.95 O, or it might include a variable part represented by a letter, as in Fe 1−x O, where x is normally much less than 1.

  4. Stoichiometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometry

    Stoichiometry is not only used to balance chemical equations but also used in conversions, i.e., converting from grams to moles using molar mass as the conversion factor, or from grams to milliliters using density. For example, to find the amount of NaCl (sodium chloride) in 2.00 g, one would do the following:

  5. Solar water heating - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_water_heating

    The amount of hot water consumed each day must be replaced and heated. In a solar-only system, consuming a high fraction of the water in the reservoir implies significant reservoir temperature variations. The larger the reservoir the smaller the daily temperature variation. SWH systems offer significant scale economies in collector and tank ...

  6. Food web - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_web

    In the simplest scheme, the first trophic level (level 1) is plants, then herbivores (level 2), and then carnivores (level 3). The trophic level is equal to one more than the chain length, which is the number of links connecting to the base. The base of the food chain (primary producers or detritivores) is set at zero.

  7. Ozone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone

    In its simplest form, high voltage AC, such as the output of a neon-sign transformer is connected to two metal rods with the ends placed sufficiently close to each other to allow an arc. The resulting arc will convert atmospheric oxygen to ozone. It is often desirable to contain the ozone.

  8. Fiber-optic communication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication

    The technique is known as orbital angular momentum (OAM). The nanophotonic device uses ultra-thin sheets to measure a fraction of a millimeter of twisted light. Nano-electronic device is embedded within a connector smaller than the size of a USB connector and may be fitted at the end of an optical fiber cable. [71]

  9. Nuclear weapon design - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design

    pure fission weapons are the simplest, least technically demanding, were the first nuclear weapons built, and so far the only type ever used in warfare, by the United States on Japan in World War II; boosted fission weapons increase yield beyond that of the implosion design, by using small quantities of fusion fuel to enhance the fission chain ...