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Glossary of mathematical symbols. A mathematical symbol is a figure or a combination of figures that is used to represent a mathematical object, an action on mathematical objects, a relation between mathematical objects, or for structuring the other symbols that occur in a formula. As formulas are entirely constituted with symbols of various ...
The following table lists many common symbols, together with their name, how they should be read out loud, and the related field of mathematics. Additionally, the subsequent columns contains an informal explanation, a short example, the Unicode location, the name for use in HTML documents, [1] and the LaTeX symbol.
The plus–minus sign or plus-or-minus sign, ±, is a symbol with multiple meanings. In mathematics, it generally indicates a choice of exactly two possible values, one of which is obtained through addition and the other through subtraction. In statistics and experimental sciences, the sign commonly indicates the confidence interval or ...
The plus sign ( +) and the minus sign ( −) are mathematical symbols used to denote positive and negative functions, respectively. In addition, + represents the operation of addition, which results in a sum, while − represents subtraction, resulting in a difference. [ 1 ] Their use has been extended to many other meanings, more or less ...
Ditto mark. The ditto mark is a shorthand sign, used mostly in hand-written text, indicating that the words or figures above it are to be repeated. [ 1][ 2] The mark is made using "a pair of apostrophes "; [ 1] "a pair of marks " used underneath a word"; [ 3] the symbol " ( quotation mark ); [ 2][ 4] or the symbol ” (right double quotation mark).
A dagger, obelisk, or obelus † is a typographical mark that usually indicates a footnote if an asterisk has already been used. [ 1] The symbol is also used to indicate death (of people) or extinction (of species or languages). [ 2] It is one of the modern descendants of the obelus, a mark used historically by scholars as a critical or ...
projection. A projection is, roughly, a map from some space or object to another that omits some information on the object or space. For example, R 2 → R , ( x , y ) ↦ x {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^ {2}\to \mathbb {R} , (x,y)\mapsto x} is a projection and its restriction to a graph of a function, say, is also a projection.
The following table lists many specialized symbolscommonly used in modern mathematics, ordered by their introduction date. The table can also be ordered alphabetically by clicking on the relevant header title. Symbol. Name. Date of earliest use. First author to use.