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The geometrical definition of a projected area is: "the rectilinear parallel projection of a surface of any shape onto a plane". This translates into the equation: where A is the original area, and is the angle between the normal to the local plane and the line of sight to the surface A. For basic shapes the results are listed in the table ...
Viviani's curve: intersection of a sphere with a tangent cylinder. The light blue part of the half sphere can be squared. In mathematics, Viviani's curve, also known as Viviani's window, is a figure eight shaped space curve named after the Italian mathematician Vincenzo Viviani. It is the intersection of a sphere with a cylinder that is tangent ...
The shoelace formula, also known as Gauss's area formula and the surveyor's formula, [1] is a mathematical algorithm to determine the area of a simple polygon whose vertices are described by their Cartesian coordinates in the plane. [2] It is called the shoelace formula because of the constant cross-multiplying for the coordinates making up the ...
The entrance pupil is the image of the aperture stop viewed from the front of the optical system and here it is a virtual image. Chief rays and marginal rays determine the location and the size of the entrance pupil, respectively. A camera lens adjusted for large and small aperture. The visible opening is the entrance pupil of the lens.
Cabin pressurization. Cabin pressurization is a process in which conditioned air is pumped into the cabin of an aircraft or spacecraft in order to create a safe and comfortable environment for humans flying at high altitudes. For aircraft, this air is usually bled off from the gas turbine engines at the compressor stage, and for spacecraft, it ...
The vector area of a surface can be interpreted as the (signed) projected area or "shadow" of the surface in the plane in which it is greatest; its direction is given by that plane's normal. For a curved or faceted (i.e. non-planar) surface, the vector area is smaller in magnitude than the actual surface area.
Aperture (antenna) In electromagnetics and antenna theory, the aperture of an antenna is defined as "A surface, near or on an antenna, on which it is convenient to make assumptions regarding the field values for the purpose of computing fields at external points. The aperture is often taken as that portion of a plane surface near the antenna ...
The launch window is defined by the first launch point and ending launch point. It may be continuous (i.e. able to launch every second in the launch window) or may be a collection of discrete instantaneous points between the open and close. [ 14] Launch windows and days are usually calculated in UTC and then converted to the local time of where ...