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t. e. The epicenter ( / ˈɛpɪˌsɛntər / ), epicentre, or epicentrum[ 1] in seismology is the point on the Earth 's surface directly above a hypocenter or focus, the point where an earthquake or an underground explosion originates.
In modern mapping, a topographic map or topographic sheet is a type of map characterized by large- scale detail and quantitative representation of relief features, usually using contour lines (connecting points of equal elevation), but historically using a variety of methods. Traditional definitions require a topographic map to show both ...
A geographic information system ( GIS) consists of integrated computer hardware and software that store, manage, analyze, edit, output, and visualize geographic data. [ 1][ 2] Much of this often happens within a spatial database; however, this is not essential to meet the definition of a GIS. [ 1] In a broader sense, one may consider such a ...
v. t. e. A geographic coordinate system ( GCS) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude. [ 1] It is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others.
Subduction. Subduction is a geological process in which the oceanic lithosphere and some continental lithosphere is recycled into the Earth's mantle at the convergent boundaries between tectonic plates. Where one tectonic plate converges with a second plate, the heavier plate dives beneath the other and sinks into the mantle.
In physical geography and physical geology, aspect (also known as exposure) [ 1] is the compass direction or azimuth that a terrain surface faces. [ 2] For example, a slope landform on the eastern edge of the Rockies toward the Great Plains is described as having an easterly aspect. A slope which falls down to a deep valley on its western side ...
Confluences are studied in a variety of sciences. Hydrology studies the characteristic flow patterns of confluences and how they give rise to patterns of erosion, bars, and scour pools. [ 2] The water flows and their consequences are often studied with mathematical models. [ 3] Confluences are relevant to the distribution of living organisms (i ...
Diagram. A diagram is a symbolic representation of information using visualization techniques. Diagrams have been used since prehistoric times on walls of caves, but became more prevalent during the Enlightenment. [ 1] Sometimes, the technique uses a three-dimensional visualization which is then projected onto a two-dimensional surface.