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Montgomery modular multiplication relies on a special representation of numbers called Montgomery form. The algorithm uses the Montgomery forms of a and b to efficiently compute the Montgomery form of ab mod N. The efficiency comes from avoiding expensive division operations. Classical modular multiplication reduces the double-width product ab ...
Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...
Modular forms modulo. p. In mathematics, modular forms are particular complex analytic functions on the upper half-plane of interest in complex analysis and number theory. When reduced modulo a prime p, there is an analogous theory to the classical theory of complex modular forms and the p -adic theory of modular forms .
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The multiplicative order of a number a modulo n is the order of a in the multiplicative group whose elements are the residues modulo n of the numbers coprime to n, and whose group operation is multiplication modulo n. This is the group of units of the ring Zn; it has φ ( n) elements, φ being Euler's totient function, and is denoted as U ( n ...
Reduced residue system. In mathematics, a subset R of the integers is called a reduced residue system modulo n if: gcd ( r, n) = 1 for each r in R, R contains φ ( n) elements, no two elements of R are congruent modulo n. [1] [2] Here φ denotes Euler's totient function . A reduced residue system modulo n can be formed from a complete residue ...
Modulo. In computing, the modulo operation returns the remainder or signed remainder of a division, after one number is divided by another (called the modulus of the operation). Given two positive numbers a and n, a modulo n (often abbreviated as a mod n) is the remainder of the Euclidean division of a by n, where a is the dividend and n is the ...
Barrett reduction is an algorithm designed to optimize this operation assuming is constant, and , replacing divisions by multiplications. Historically, for values , one computed by applying Barrett reduction to the full product . Recently, it was shown that the full product is unnecessary if we can perform precomputation on one of the operands.