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In solid-state physics of semiconductors, carrier generation and carrier recombination are processes by which mobile charge carriers ( electrons and electron holes) are created and eliminated. Carrier generation and recombination processes are fundamental to the operation of many optoelectronic semiconductor devices, such as photodiodes, light ...
Rakon Limited is a technology company founded in 1967 that designs and manufactures frequency control products, primarily quartz crystals and temperature-compensated crystal oscillators ( TCXO ), [1] oven controlled crystal oscillators ( OCXO) and voltage controlled crystal oscillators ( VCXO ). [2] Its head office is in Auckland, New Zealand ...
In control theory, the linear–quadratic–Gaussian ( LQG) control problem is one of the most fundamental optimal control problems, and it can also be operated repeatedly for model predictive control. It concerns linear systems driven by additive white Gaussian noise. The problem is to determine an output feedback law that is optimal in the ...
The COST Hata model is a radio propagation model (i.e. path loss) that extends the urban Hata model (which in turn is based on the Okumura model) to cover a more elaborated range of frequencies (up to 2 GHz). It is the most often cited of the COST 231 models (EU funded research project ca. April 1986 – April 1996), [1] also called the Hata ...
Details. The Kalman filter is a recursive estimator. This means that only the estimated state from the previous time step and the current measurement are needed to compute the estimate for the current state. In contrast to batch estimation techniques, no history of observations and/or estimates is required.
M-estimator. In statistics, M-estimators are a broad class of extremum estimators for which the objective function is a sample average. [1] Both non-linear least squares and maximum likelihood estimation are special cases of M-estimators. The definition of M-estimators was motivated by robust statistics, which contributed new types of M ...
June 21, 2024 at 10:45 AM. French luxury conglomerate LVMH has added a tiny Parisian bistro to its sprawling empire of designer fashion brands, jewelry makers and hotels. The company, owned by ...
Illustration of the Cramer-Rao bound: there is no unbiased estimator which is able to estimate the (2-dimensional) parameter with less variance than the Cramer-Rao bound, illustrated as standard deviation ellipse. In estimation theory and statistics, the Cramér–Rao bound ( CRB) relates to estimation of a deterministic (fixed, though unknown ...