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In descriptive statistics, the range of a set of data is size of the narrowest interval which contains all the data. It is calculated as the difference between the largest and smallest values (also known as the sample maximum and minimum ). [ 1] It is expressed in the same units as the data. The range provides an indication of statistical ...
PDF Split and Merge. PDFsam Basic or PDF Split and Merge is a free and open-source cross-platform desktop application to split, merge, extract pages, rotate and mix PDF documents. PDFsam uses a freemium model and encourages buying the full version with popups.
Generation Z (often shortened to Gen Z), also known as Zoomers, [1] [2] [3] is the demographic cohort succeeding Millennials and preceding Generation Alpha.Researchers and popular media use the mid-to-late 1990s as starting birth years and the early 2010s as ending birth years, with the generation most frequently being defined as people born from 1997 to 2012.
Data binning, also called data discrete binning or data bucketing, is a data pre-processing technique used to reduce the effects of minor observation errors. The original data values which fall into a given small interval, a bin, are replaced by a value representative of that interval, often a central value ( mean or median ). [citation needed]
When calculating HHI the post merger level of the HHI score and the total increase of the HHI score are considered when reviewing the outcome. If the resulting figure is above a certain threshold then economists will consider the market to have a high concentration (e.g. market X's concentration is 0.142 or 14.2%).
A PDF file is often a combination of vector graphics, text, and bitmap graphics. The basic types of content in a PDF are: Typeset text stored as content streams (i.e., not encoded in plain text ); Vector graphics for illustrations and designs that consist of shapes and lines;
History of PDF. The Portable Document Format (PDF) was created by Adobe Systems, introduced at the Windows and OS/2 Conference in January 1993 and remained a proprietary format until it was released as an open standard in 2008. Since then, it has been under the control of an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) committee of ...
External merge sort typically uses a hybrid sort-merge strategy. In the sorting phase, chunks of data small enough to fit in main memory are read, sorted, and written out to a temporary file. In the merge phase, the sorted subfiles are combined into a single larger file.