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The Heath–Jarrow–Morton ( HJM) framework is a general framework to model the evolution of interest rate curves – instantaneous forward rate curves in particular (as opposed to simple forward rates ). When the volatility and drift of the instantaneous forward rate are assumed to be deterministic, this is known as the Gaussian Heath ...
A sample system context diagram using Hatley–Pirbhai modeling. Hatley–Pirbhai modeling is a system modeling technique based on the input–process–output model (IPO model), which extends the IPO model by adding user interface processing and maintenance and self-testing processing.
Peter Michael Senge (born 1947) is an American systems scientist who is a senior lecturer at the MIT Sloan School of Management, co-faculty at the New England Complex Systems Institute, and the founder of the Society for Organizational Learning. He is known as the author of the book The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning ...
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The viable system model ( VSM) is a model of the organizational structure of any autonomous system capable of producing itself. It is an implementation of viable system theory. At the biological level, this model is correspondent to autopoiesis . A viable system is any system organised in such a way as to meet the demands of surviving in the ...
Ho–Lee model. In financial mathematics, the Ho-Lee model is a short-rate model widely used in the pricing of bond options, swaptions and other interest rate derivatives, and in modeling future interest rates. [ 1]: 381 It was developed in 1986 by Thomas Ho [ 2] and Sang Bin Lee. [ 3]
Buy one, get one free. " Buy one, get one free " or " two for the price of one " is a common form of sales promotion. Economist Alex Tabarrok has argued that the success of this promotion lies in the fact that consumers value the first unit significantly more than the second one. So compared to a seemingly equivalent "Half price off" promotion ...
A chart of accounts ( COA) is a list of financial accounts and reference numbers, grouped into categories, such as assets, liabilities, equity, revenue and expenses, and used for recording transactions in the organization's general ledger. Accounts may be associated with an identifier (account number) and a caption or header and are coded by ...