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Lens materials are classified by their refractive index, as follows: Normal index: 1.48 ≤ n d < 1.54; Mid-index: 1.54 ≤ n d < 1.60; High-index: 1.60 ≤ n d < 1.74; Very high index: 1.76 ≤ n d; This is a general classification. Often for marketing purposes, materials with n d values that are at or above 1.60 can be referred to as "high ...
Gradient-index ( GRIN) optics is the branch of optics covering optical effects produced by a gradient of the refractive index of a material. Such gradual variation can be used to produce lenses with flat surfaces, or lenses that do not have the aberrations typical of traditional spherical lenses. Gradient-index lenses may have a refraction ...
A high-refractive-index polymer (HRIP) is a polymer that has a refractive index greater than 1.50. [1] Such materials are required for anti-reflective coating and photonic devices such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) and image sensors. [1] [2] [3] The refractive index of a polymer is based on several factors which include polarizability, chain ...
Immersion lithography is a technique used in semiconductor manufacturing to enhance the resolution and accuracy of the lithographic process. It involves using a liquid medium, typically water, between the lens and the wafer during exposure. By using a liquid with a higher refractive index than air, immersion lithography allows for smaller ...
A gradient-index lens with a parabolic variation of refractive index (n) with radial distance (x). The lens focuses light in the same way as a conventional lens. If the refractive index of a medium is not constant but varies gradually with the position, the material is known as a gradient-index (GRIN) medium and is described by gradient index ...
List of refractive indices. Refraction at interface. Many materials have a well-characterized refractive index, but these indices often depend strongly upon the frequency of light, causing optical dispersion. Standard refractive index measurements are taken at the "yellow doublet" sodium D line, with a wavelength (λ) of 589 nanometers .
Thoriated glass is a glass material used in the manufacture of optical systems, specifically photographic lenses. It is useful to this process due to its high refractive index. Thoriated glass is radioactive due to the inclusion of thorium dioxide, oxide of radioactive element thorium. It has therefore been succeeded as a material of choice by ...
A superlens, or super lens, is a lens which uses metamaterials to go beyond the diffraction limit. The diffraction limit is a feature of conventional lenses and microscopes that limits the fineness of their resolution depending on the illumination wavelength and the numerical aperture (NA) of the objective lens.