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Rothbard, Murray N., History of Money and Banking in the United States.Full text (510 pages) in pdf format, A libertarian interpretation; Schweikart, Larry, ed. Banking and Finance to 1913 (1990), an encyclopedia with short articles by experts Schweikart, Larry, ed. Banking and Finance, 1913-1989 (1990), an encyclopedia with short articles by ...
The Federal Open Market Committee action known as Operation Twist (named for the twist dance craze of the time [ 1]) began in 1961. The intent was to flatten the yield curve in order to promote capital inflows and strengthen the dollar. The Fed utilized open market operations to shorten the maturity of public debt in the open market.
A banking crisis is a financial crisis that affects banking activity. Banking crises include bank runs, which affect single banks; banking panics, which affect many banks; and systemic banking crises, in which a country experiences many defaults and financial institutions and corporations face great difficulties repaying contracts. [1]
The history of banking began with the first prototype banks, that is, the merchants of the world, who gave grain loans to farmers and traders who carried goods between cities. This was around 2000 BC in Assyria, India and Sumer. Later, in ancient Greece and during the Roman Empire, lenders based in temples gave loans, while accepting deposits ...
The "TED spread" is a measure of credit risk for inter-bank lending. It is the difference between: 1) the risk-free three-month U.S. treasury bill rate; and 2) the three-month London InterBank Offered Rate , which represents the rate at which banks typically lend to each other. A higher spread indicates banks perceive each other as riskier ...
With the creation of the Bank of England in 1694, which acquired the responsibility to print notes and back them with gold, the idea of monetary policy as independent of executive action began to be established. [ 2] The goal of monetary policy was to maintain the value of the coinage, print notes which would trade at par to specie, and prevent ...
Bottom row: Sargent, Fischer, Prescott. Macroeconomic theory has its origins in the study of business cycles and monetary theory. [ 1][ 2] In general, early theorists believed monetary factors could not affect real factors such as real output. John Maynard Keynes attacked some of these "classical" theories and produced a general theory that ...
Free banking is a monetary arrangement where banks are free to issue their own paper currency ( banknotes) while also being subject to no special regulations beyond those applicable to most enterprises. In a free banking system, market forces control the total quantity of banknotes and deposits that can be supported by any given stock of cash ...