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Fortuna is a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CS-PRNG) devised by Bruce Schneier and Niels Ferguson and published in 2003. It is named after Fortuna, the Roman goddess of chance. FreeBSD uses Fortuna for /dev/random and /dev/urandom is symbolically linked to it since FreeBSD 11. [1] Apple OSes have switched to Fortuna ...
A cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator ( CSPRNG) or cryptographic pseudorandom number generator ( CPRNG) is a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) with properties that make it suitable for use in cryptography. It is also referred to as a cryptographic random number generator ( CRNG ).
256 bits is a common key size for symmetric ciphers in cryptography, such as Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). Increasing the word size can accelerate multiple precision mathematical libraries. Applications include cryptography. Researchers at the University of Cambridge use a 256-bit capability pointer, which includes capability and ...
This attack is against AES-256 that uses only two related keys and 2 39 time to recover the complete 256-bit key of a 9-round version, or 2 45 time for a 10-round version with a stronger type of related subkey attack, or 2 70 time for an 11-round version. The Advanced Encryption Standard ( AES ), also known by its original name Rijndael ( Dutch ...
Xorshift. Xorshift random number generators, also called shift-register generators, are a class of pseudorandom number generators that were invented by George Marsaglia. [1] They are a subset of linear-feedback shift registers (LFSRs) which allow a particularly efficient implementation in software without the excessive use of sparse polynomials ...
RDRAND (for "read random") is an instruction for returning random numbers from an Intel on-chip hardware random number generator which has been seeded by an on-chip entropy source. [ 1] It is also known as Intel Secure Key Technology, [ 2] codenamed Bull Mountain. [ 3] Intel introduced the feature around 2012, and AMD added support for the ...
The Secure Hash Algorithms are a family of cryptographic hash functions published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as a U.S. Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS), including: SHA-0: A retronym applied to the original version of the 160-bit hash function published in 1993 under the name "SHA".
Both ciphers are built on a pseudorandom function based on add–rotate–XOR (ARX) operations — 32-bit addition, bitwise addition (XOR) and rotation operations. The core function maps a 256-bit key, a 64-bit nonce, and a 64-bit counter to a 512-bit block of the key stream (a Salsa version with a 128-bit key also exists). This gives Salsa20 ...