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Peptidoglycan or murein is a unique large macromolecule, a polysaccharide, consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer (sacculus) that surrounds the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. [1] The sugar component consists of alternating residues of β- (1,4) linked N -acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N -acetylmuramic acid (NAM).
A glycosidic bond or glycosidic linkage is a type of ether bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate. Formation of ethyl glucoside: Glucose and ethanol combine to form ethyl glucoside and water. The reaction often favors formation of the α-glycosidic bond as shown due to the ...
The basic components are N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid (bacterial peptidoglycan containing N-acetylmuramic acid instead), which are linked by β-1,3-glycosidic bonds. Lysozyme, a host defense mechanism present in human secretions (e.g. saliva and tears) breaks β-1,4-glycosidic bonds to degrade peptidoglycan. However ...
Lactose is a disaccharide composed of galactose and glucose, which form a β-1→4 glycosidic linkage. Its systematic name is β- D -galactopyranosyl-(1→4)- D -glucose. The glucose can be in either the α- pyranose form or the β-pyranose form, whereas the galactose can have only the β-pyranose form: hence α-lactose and β-lactose refer to ...
Cellulose is an example of a (1→4)-β- D -glucan composed of glucose units. Beta-glucans, β-glucans comprise a group of β- D -glucose polysaccharides ( glucans) naturally occurring in the cell walls of cereals, bacteria, and fungi, with significantly differing physicochemical properties dependent on source. Typically, β-glucans form a ...
α(1→4)-glycosidic linkages in the glycogen oligomer α(1→4)-glycosidic and α(1→6)-glycosidic linkages in the glycogen oligomer. Glycogen is a branched biopolymer consisting of linear chains of glucose residues with an average chain length of approximately 8–12 glucose units and 2,000-60,000 residues per one molecule of glycogen.
Glycogen synthase ( UDP-glucose-glycogen glucosyltransferase) is a key enzyme in glycogenesis, the conversion of glucose into glycogen. It is a glycosyltransferase ( EC 2.4.1.11) that catalyses the reaction of UDP-glucose and (1,4- α - D -glucosyl) n to yield UDP and (1,4- α - D -glucosyl) n+1 .
Polysaccharide. 3D structure of cellulose, a beta-glucan polysaccharide. Amylose is a linear polymer of glucose mainly linked with α (1→4) bonds. It can be made of several thousands of glucose units. It is one of the two components of starch, the other being amylopectin. Polysaccharides ( / ˌpɒliˈsækəraɪd / ), or polycarbohydrates, are ...