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Portable Document Format ( PDF ), standardized as ISO 32000, is a file format developed by Adobe in 1992 to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. [2] [3] Based on the PostScript language, each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text ...
History of PDF. The Portable Document Format (PDF) was created by Adobe Systems, introduced at the Windows and OS/2 Conference in January 1993 and remained a proprietary format until it was released as an open standard in 2008. Since then, it has been under the control of an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) committee of ...
Written ten years after publishing the first edition of Leaves of Grass (1855), "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" reflects a maturing of Whitman's poetic vision from a drama of identity and romantic exuberance that has been tempered by his emotional experience of the American Civil War. Whitman included the poem as part of a quickly written sequel to a collection of poems addressing ...
English orthography is the writing system used to represent spoken English, [1] [2] allowing readers to connect the graphemes to sound and to meaning. [3] It includes English's norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalisation, word breaks, emphasis, and punctuation . Like the orthography of most world languages, English orthography has a broad ...
ILR scale. The Interagency Language Roundtable scale is a set of descriptions of abilities to communicate in a language. It is the standard grading scale for language proficiency in the United States 's Federal-level service. It was originally developed by the Interagency Language Roundtable (ILR), which included representation by United States ...
Dazzling is a 2023 novel written by Nigerian-British writer Chikodili Emelumadu and published by Wildfire in 2023. [1] [2] The novel focuses of Treasure, who is married to a spirit and Ozoemena, who is initiated into the Leopard Society which gives her a shamanistic connection with the Igbo goddess, Idemili.
Written languages serve as crucial tools for communication, enabling the recording, preservation, and transmission of information, ideas, and culture across time and space. The specific form a written language takes – its alphabet or script, its spelling conventions, and its punctuationsystem, among other features – is determined by its orthography.
Sentence spacing in language and style guides Sentence spacing guidance is provided in many language and style guides. The majority of style guides that use a Latin-derived alphabet as a language base now prescribe or recommend the use of a single space after the concluding punctuation of a sentence. [1] [2]