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Piaget's cognitive development theory. Jean Piaget 's cognitive developmental theory describes four major stages from birth through puberty, the last of which starts at 12 years and has no terminating age: [ 11] Sensorimotor: (birth to 2 years), Preoperations: (2 to 7 years), Concrete operations: (7 to 11 years), and Formal Operations: (from 12 ...
Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky (Russian: Лев Семёнович Выготский, [vɨˈɡotskʲɪj]; Belarusian: Леў Сямёнавіч Выгоцкі; November 17 [O.S. November 5] 1896 – June 11, 1934) was a Russian and Soviet psychologist, best known for his work on psychological development in children and creating the framework known as cultural-historical activity theory.
Social constructivism is a sociological theory of knowledge according to which human development is socially situated, and knowledge is constructed through interaction with others. [ 1] Like social constructionism, social constructivism states that people work together to actively construct artifacts. But while social constructivism focuses on ...
The zone of proximal development ( ZPD) is a concept in educational psychology. It represents the space between what a learner is capable of doing unsupported and what the learner cannot do even with support. It is the range where the learner is able to perform, but only with support from a teacher or a peer with more knowledge or expertise (a ...
Appropriation of knowledge is the process of constructing knowledge from social and cultural sources, and integrating it into pre-existing schemas. [ 1] It is a developmental process that comes about through socially formulated, goal-directed, and tool-mediated actions. [ 2] Appropriation draws on the developmental theories of Piaget and ...
In psychology and sociology, internalization involves the integration of attitudes, values, standards and the opinions of others into one's own identity or sense of self. In psychoanalytic theory, internalization is a process involving the formation of the super ego. [ 6] Many theorists believe that the internalized values of behavior ...
Cultural-historical activity theory ( CHAT) [ 1] is a theoretical framework [ 2] which helps to understand and analyse the relationship between the human mind (what people think and feel) and activity (what people do). [ 3][ 4][ 5] It traces its origins to the founders [ 6] of the cultural-historical school of Russian psychology L. S. Vygotsky ...
The Vygotsky Circle (also known as Vygotsky–Luria Circle [1] [2]) was an influential informal network of psychologists, educationalists, medical specialists, physiologists, and neuroscientists, associated with Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934) and Alexander Luria (1902–1977), active in 1920-early 1940s in the Soviet Union ( Moscow, Leningrad and ...