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  2. Commensalism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commensalism

    Commensalism is a long-term biological interaction in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species neither benefit nor are harmed. [1] This is in contrast with mutualism , in which both organisms benefit from each other; amensalism , where one is harmed while the other is unaffected; and parasitism , where one is ...

  3. Ecological facilitation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_facilitation

    Commensalism is an interaction in which one species benefits and the other species is unaffected. Epiphytes (plants growing on other plants, usually trees) have a commensal relationship with their host plant because the epiphyte benefits in some way ( e.g. , by escaping competition with terrestrial plants or by gaining greater access to ...

  4. Biological interaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_interaction

    The black walnut secretes a chemical from its roots that harms neighboring plants, an example of competitive antagonism. In ecology, a biological interaction is the effect that a pair of organisms living together in a community have on each other. They can be either of the same species (intraspecific interactions), or of different species ...

  5. Microbial ecology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_ecology

    This is because microbiologists are able to cultivate only a minority of naturally occurring microbes using current laboratory techniques, depending on the environment. [ 1] Microbial ecology (or environmental microbiology) is the ecology of microorganisms: their relationship with one another and with their environment.

  6. Bacteria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria

    The word "commensalism" is derived from the word "commensal", meaning "eating at the same table" [191] and all plants and animals are colonised by commensal bacteria. In humans and other animals, millions of them live on the skin, the airways, the gut and other orifices.

  7. Cooperation (evolution) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperation_(evolution)

    Symbiosis includes three types of interactions—mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism—of which only mutualism can sometimes qualify as cooperation. Mutualism involves a close, mutually beneficial interaction between two different biological species, whereas "cooperation" is a more general term that can involve looser interactions and can ...

  8. Ecology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology

    Ecology is as much a biological science as it is a human science. [5] Human ecology is an interdisciplinary investigation into the ecology of our species. "Human ecology may be defined: (1) from a bioecological standpoint as the study of man as the ecological dominant in plant and animal communities and systems; (2) from a bioecological ...

  9. Host–pathogen interaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host–pathogen_interaction

    Depending on how the pathogen interacts with the host, it can be involved in one of three host–pathogen interactions. Commensalism is when the pathogen benefits while the host gains nothing from the interaction. An example of this is Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, which resides in the human intestinal tract but provides no known benefits. [6]