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Drug interaction. Grapefruit juice can act as an enzyme inhibitor, affecting the metabolism of drugs. In pharmaceutical sciences, drug interactions occur when a drug's mechanism of action is affected by the concomitant administration of substances such as foods, beverages, or other drugs. A popular example of drug–food interaction is the ...
D010600. Pharmacology is the science of drugs and medications, [ 1] including a substance's origin, composition, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic use, and toxicology. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. [ 2]
The effect of grapefruit juice with regard to drug absorption was originally discovered in 1989 by a group led by pharmacologist David Bailey. Their first published clinical report on grapefruit drug interactions was in 1991. [9] The effect was first discovered accidentally in 1989, when a test of drug interactions with alcohol used grapefruit ...
Inflammation (from Latin: inflammatio) is part of the biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. [1] [2] The five cardinal signs are heat, pain, redness, swelling, and loss of function (Latin calor, dolor, rubor, tumor, and functio laesa ). Inflammation is a generic response, and ...
Antigen-antibody interaction, or antigen-antibody reaction, is a specific chemical interaction between antibodies produced by B cells of the white blood cells and antigens during immune reaction. The antigens and antibodies combine by a process called agglutination. It is the fundamental reaction in the body by which the body is protected from ...
In biochemistry and pharmacology, receptors are chemical structures, composed of protein, that receive and transduce signals that may be integrated into biological systems. [1] These signals are typically chemical messengers [nb 1] which bind to a receptor and produce physiological responses such as change in the electrical activity of a cell.
Pharmacodynamics ( PD) is the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs (especially pharmaceutical drugs ). The effects can include those manifested within animals (including humans), microorganisms, or combinations of organisms (for example, infection ). Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are the main branches of ...
Behavioral contrast refers to a change in the strength of one response that occurs when the rate of reward of a second response, or of the first response under different conditions, is changed. For example, suppose that a pigeon in an operant chamber pecks a key for food reward. Sometimes the key is red, sometimes green, but food comes with ...