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  2. Applications of randomness - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_randomness

    Applications of randomness. Randomness has many uses in science, art, statistics, cryptography, gaming, gambling, and other fields. For example, random assignment in randomized controlled trials helps scientists to test hypotheses, and random numbers or pseudorandom numbers help video games such as video poker .

  3. List of random number generators - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_random_number...

    However, generally they are considerably slower (typically by a factor 2–10) than fast, non-cryptographic random number generators. These include: Stream ciphers. Popular choices are Salsa20 or ChaCha (often with the number of rounds reduced to 8 for speed), ISAAC, HC-128 and RC4. Block ciphers in counter mode.

  4. List of TCP and UDP port numbers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port...

    The port numbers in the range from 0 to 1023 (0 to 2 10 − 1) are the well-known ports or system ports. [3] They are used by system processes that provide widely used types of network services. On Unix-like operating systems, a process must execute with superuser privileges to be able to bind a network socket to an IP address using one of the ...

  5. List of free and open-source software packages - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free_and_open...

    This is a list of free and open-source software packages, computer software licensed under free software licenses and open-source licenses. Software that fits the Free Software Definition may be more appropriately called free software ; the GNU project in particular objects to their works being referred to as open-source . [ 1 ]

  6. Random number generation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_number_generation

    When a cubical die is rolled, a random number from 1 to 6 is obtained. Random number generation is a process by which, often by means of a random number generator ( RNG ), a sequence of numbers or symbols that cannot be reasonably predicted better than by random chance is generated. This means that the particular outcome sequence will contain ...

  7. Mersenne Twister - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersenne_Twister

    The Mersenne Twister is a general-purpose pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) developed in 1997 by Makoto Matsumoto (松本 眞) and Takuji Nishimura (西村 拓士). [ 1][ 2] Its name derives from the choice of a Mersenne prime as its period length. The Mersenne Twister was designed specifically to rectify most of the flaws found in older PRNGs.

  8. Blum Blum Shub - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blum_Blum_Shub

    Blum Blum Shub ( B.B.S.) is a pseudorandom number generator proposed in 1986 by Lenore Blum, Manuel Blum and Michael Shub [ 1] that is derived from Michael O. Rabin 's one-way function. Blum Blum Shub takes the form. where M = pq is the product of two large primes p and q. At each step of the algorithm, some output is derived from xn+1; the ...

  9. Hardware random number generator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_random_number...

    A USB-pluggable hardware true random number generator. In computing, a hardware random number generator (HRNG), true random number generator (TRNG), non-deterministic random bit generator (NRBG), [1] or physical random number generator [2] [3] is a device that generates random numbers from a physical process capable of producing entropy (in other words, the device always has access to a ...