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Cytoplasm. In cell biology, the cytoplasm describes all material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus. The material inside the nucleus and contained within the nuclear membrane is termed the nucleoplasm. The main components of the cytoplasm are the cytosol (a gel-like substance), the organelles ...
Plasma microfields calculated by an N-body simulation. Note the fast moving electrons and slow ions, resembling a bodily fluid. Plasma was first identified in laboratory by Sir William Crookes. Crookes presented a lecture on what he called "radiant matter" to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, in Sheffield, on Friday, 22 ...
Bleb (cell biology) During apoptosis, blebbing is the first phase (left) of cell disassembly. [ 1] In cell biology, a bleb (or snout) is a bulge of the plasma membrane of a cell, characterized by a spherical, "blister-like", bulky morphology. [ 2][ 3][ 4] It is characterized by the decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane ...
A mitochondrion ( pl. mitochondria) is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi. Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy. [ 2]
Intracellular pH ( pHi) is the measure of the acidity or basicity (i.e., pH) of intracellular fluid. The pH i plays a critical role in membrane transport and other intracellular processes. In an environment with the improper pH i, biological cells may have compromised function. [ 1][ 2] Therefore, pH i is closely regulated in order to ensure ...
P-bodies. In cellular biology, P-bodies, or processing bodies, are distinct foci formed by phase separation within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consisting of many enzymes involved in mRNA turnover. [ 1] P-bodies are highly conserved structures and have been observed in somatic cells originating from vertebrates and invertebrates, plants ...
Plasmodesma. The structure of a primary plasmodesma. CW= cell wall, CA= callose, PM= plasma membrane, ER= endoplasmic reticulum, DM=desmotubule, Red circles= actin, Purple circles and spokes=other unidentified proteins [ 1] Plasmodesmata (singular: plasmodesma) are microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells [ 2] and some ...
Finally, the mRNA is degraded. In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid ( mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein . mRNA is created during the process of transcription, where an enzyme ( RNA polymerase) converts the ...