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Bladder stones or uroliths are a common occurrence in animals, especially in domestic animals such as dogs and cats. [1] Occurrence in other species, including tortoises, [2] has been reported as well. The stones form in the urinary bladder in varying size and numbers secondary to infection, dietary influences, and genetics.
Bladder stones may occur whenever the kidneys, bladder, or ureters become inflamed, which may occur when the urine becomes too concentrated or when the body becomes dehydrated. Minerals such as calcium and magnesium crystallize into the stones, which then can cause such symptoms as lower back or abdominal pain or difficulty with urination.
Cystinuria is an inherited autosomal recessive disease [ 1] characterized by high concentrations of the amino acid cystine in the urine, leading to the formation of cystine stones in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. It is a type of aminoaciduria. "Cystine", not "cysteine," is implicated in this disease; the former is a dimer of the latter.
Types of stones include struvite, calcium oxalate, urate, cystine, calcium phosphate, and silicate. Struvite and calcium oxalate stones are by far the most common. [ 6] Urinary tract infection *, specifically cystitis or bladder infection, is common in dogs and usually caused by bacteria.
22.1 million (2015) [ 5] Deaths. 16,100 (2015) [ 6] Kidney stone disease, also known as renal calculus disease, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis, is a crystallopathy where a solid piece of material ( renal calculus) develops in the urinary tract. [ 2] Renal calculi typically form in the kidney and leave the body in the urine stream. [ 2]
Common bile duct stone. Common bile duct stone, also known as choledocholithiasis, is the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct (CBD) (thus choledocho- + lithiasis ). This condition can cause jaundice and liver cell damage. Treatments include choledocholithotomy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).
Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder. [ 8 ] Symptoms include right upper abdominal pain, pain in the right shoulder, nausea, vomiting, and occasionally fever. [ 1 ] Often gallbladder attacks (biliary colic) precede acute cholecystitis. [ 1 ] The pain lasts longer in cholecystitis than in a typical gallbladder attack. [ 1 ]
Bladder cancer in cats and dogs. Bladder cancer in cats and dogs usually is transitional cell carcinoma, [1] which arises from the epithelial cells that line the bladder. Less often, cancer of the urinary bladder is squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, or rhabdomyosarcoma .
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