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Pure water has a pH of 7 at 25°C, meaning it is neutral. When an acid is dissolved in water, the pH will be less than 7, while a base, or alkali, will have a pH greater than 7. A strong acid, such as hydrochloric acid, at concentration 1 mol dm −3 has a pH of 0, while a strong alkali like sodium hydroxide, at the same concentration, has a pH ...
Most water, including drinking water, has a neutral pH that exists between 6.5 and 8.5, but acid rain has a pH level lower than this and ranges from 4–5 on average. [1] [2] The more acidic the acid rain is, the lower its pH is. [2] Acid rain can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure.
When dissolved in water, CO 2 acts as a weak acid that primarily affects carbonate chemistry. [6] Dissolved CO 2 increases the concentration of bicarbonate ions (HCO 3 −) and dissolved inorganic carbon (C T) as well as lowering pH levels. [6] Similar to oceans, freshwater bodies also absorb atmospheric CO 2, lowering the pH of the water. [7]
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's ocean. Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately 8.15 to 8.05. [ 2] Carbon dioxide emissions from human activities are the primary cause of ocean acidification, with atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) levels exceeding 410 ppm (in 2020).
In soils, it is measured in a slurry of soil mixed with water (or a salt solution, such as 0.01 M CaCl 2), and normally falls between 3 and 10, with 7 being neutral. Acid soils have a pH below 7 and alkaline soils have a pH above 7. Ultra-acidic soils (pH < 3.5) and very strongly alkaline soils (pH > 9) are rare. [2] [3]
The pH of distilled water is always slightly lower than 7 (neutral) due to the fact that distilled water will absorb small amounts of carbon dioxide gas from the atmosphere which forms traces of carbonic acid and lowers the pH of distilled water to around 5.8 pH (very weakly acidic). [13]
Organisms which cause acid mine drainage can thrive in waters with pH very close to zero. Negative pH [11] occurs when water evaporates from already acidic pools thereby increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions. About half of the coal mine discharges in Pennsylvania have pH under 5. [12]
The acid gives carbonated water a slightly tart flavor. Its pH level of between 5 and 6 [10] [failed verification] is approximately in between apple juice and orange juice in acidity, but much less acidic than the acid in the stomach.
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