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Thompson sampling. Thompson sampling, [1] [2] [3] named after William R. Thompson, is a heuristic for choosing actions that address the exploration-exploitation dilemma in the multi-armed bandit problem. It consists of choosing the action that maximizes the expected reward with respect to a randomly drawn belief.
Kneser–Ney smoothing, also known as Kneser-Essen-Ney smoothing, is a method primarily used to calculate the probability distribution of n -grams in a document based on their histories. [1] It is widely considered the most effective method of smoothing due to its use of absolute discounting by subtracting a fixed value from the probability's ...
This code can be used with up to 8,192 source symbols in a source block, and a total of up to 65,536 encoded symbols generated for a source block. This code has an average relative reception overhead of 0.2% when applied to source blocks with 1,000 source symbols, and has a relative reception overhead of less than 2% with probability 99.9999%.
Discounting. In finance, discounting is a mechanism in which a debtor obtains the right to delay payments to a creditor, for a defined period of time, in exchange for a charge or fee. [1] Essentially, the party that owes money in the present purchases the right to delay the payment until some future date. [2]
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The operation of Wikipedia depends on MediaWiki, a custom-made, free and open source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MySQL database system. [W 73] The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language , variables , a transclusion system for templates , and URL redirection .
Coupon collector's problem. In probability theory, the coupon collector's problem refers to mathematical analysis of "collect all coupons and win" contests. It asks the following question: if each box of a given product (e.g., breakfast cereals) contains a coupon, and there are n different types of coupons, what is the probability that more ...
PHP Programming at Wikibooks. PHP is a general-purpose scripting language geared towards web development. [8] It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1993 and released in 1995. [9] [10] The PHP reference implementation is now produced by the PHP Group. [11]