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In mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number y such that ; in other words, a number y whose square (the result of multiplying the number by itself, or ) is x. [1] For example, 4 and −4 are square roots of 16 because .
Methods of computing square roots are algorithms for approximating the non-negative square root of a positive real number . Since all square roots of natural numbers, other than of perfect squares, are irrational, [1] square roots can usually only be computed to some finite precision: these methods typically construct a series of increasingly accurate approximations .
Integer square root. In number theory, the integer square root (isqrt) of a non-negative integer n is the non-negative integer m which is the greatest integer less than or equal to the square root of n , For example,
The square root of two is the frequency ratio of a tritone interval in twelve-tone equal temperament music. The square root of two forms the relationship of f-stops in photographic lenses, which in turn means that the ratio of areas between two successive apertures is 2.
The imaginary unit or unit imaginary number ( i) is a solution to the quadratic equation x2 + 1 = 0. Although there is no real number with this property, i can be used to extend the real numbers to what are called complex numbers, using addition and multiplication.
Some authors use the name square root or the notation A1/2 only for the specific case when A is positive semidefinite, to denote the unique matrix B that is positive semidefinite and such that BB = BTB = A (for real-valued matrices, where BT is the transpose of B ). Less frequently, the name square root may be used for any factorization of a ...
In mathematics, an nth root of a number x is a number r (the root) which, when raised to the power of the positive integer n, yields x: The integer n is called the index or degree, and the number x of which the root is taken is the radicand. A root of degree 2 is called a square root and a root of degree 3, a cube root.
The fast inverse square root is used to generalize this calculation to three-dimensional space. The inverse square root of a floating point number is used in digital signal processing to normalize a vector, scaling it to length 1 to produce a unit vector. [14] For example, computer graphics programs use inverse square roots to compute angles of ...