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Breast cancer is a cancer that develops from breast tissue. [ 7] Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, milk rejection, fluid coming from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, or a red or scaly patch of skin. [ 1] In those with distant spread of the disease, there may be bone pain ...
The breast is one of two prominences located on the upper ventral region of the torso among humans and other primates. Both sexes develop breasts from the same embryological tissues. The relative size and development of the breasts is a major secondary sex distinction between males and females. In females, it serves as the mammary gland, which ...
Cancer is fundamentally a disease of tissue growth regulation. For a normal cell to transform into a cancer cell, the genes that regulate cell growth and differentiation must be altered. [ 96] The affected genes are divided into two broad categories. Oncogenes are genes that promote cell growth and reproduction.
Breast cancer classification divides breast cancer into categories according to different schemes criteria and serving a different purpose. The major categories are the histopathological type, the grade of the tumor, the stage of the tumor, and the expression of proteins and genes. As knowledge of cancer cell biology develops these ...
BRCA-related breast cancer appears at an earlier age than sporadic breast cancer. [9]: 89–111 It has been asserted that BRCA-related breast cancer is more aggressive than normal breast cancer, however most studies in specific populations suggest little or no difference in survival rates despite seemingly worse prognostic factors.
Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BRCA1 ( / ˌbrækəˈwʌn /) gene. [ 5] Orthologs are common in other vertebrate species, whereas invertebrate genomes may encode a more distantly related gene. [ 6]
Malignancy (from Latin male 'badly' and -gnus 'born') is the tendency of a medical condition to become progressively worse; the term is most familiar as a characterization of cancer . A malignant tumor contrasts with a non-cancerous benign tumor in that a malignancy is not self-limited in its growth, is capable of invading into adjacent tissues ...
Cancer is a complex disease involving both tumor cells and surrounding stromal cells. In cancer biology, the stroma is defined as the nonmalignant cells found in the supportive tissue surrounding tumors. These cells include fibroblasts, immune cells, endothelial cells, and various other cell types. [27]