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Antinuclear antibodies ( ANAs, also known as antinuclear factor or ANF) [ 2] are autoantibodies that bind to contents of the cell nucleus. In normal individuals, the immune system produces antibodies to foreign proteins ( antigens) but not to human proteins ( autoantigens ).
Anti-dsDNA antibodies. Anti-double stranded DNA (Anti-dsDNA) antibodies are a group of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) the target antigen of which is double stranded DNA. Blood tests such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence are routinely performed to detect anti-dsDNA antibodies in diagnostic laboratories.
Extractable nuclear antigen. Extractable nuclear antigens ( ENAs) are over 100 different soluble cytoplasmic and nuclear antigens. They are known as "extractable" because they can be removed from cell nuclei using saline and represent six main proteins: Ro, La, Sm, RNP, Scl-70, Jo1. Most ENAs are part of spliceosomes or nucleosomes complexes ...
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies ( ANCAs) are a group of autoantibodies, mainly of the IgG type, against antigens in the cytoplasm of neutrophils (the most common type of white blood cell) and monocytes. They are detected as a blood test in a number of autoimmune disorders, but are particularly associated with systemic vasculitis, so ...
In patients with a normal anion gap the drop in HCO − 3 is the primary pathology. Since there is only one other major buffering anion, it must be compensated for almost completely by an increase in Cl −. This is therefore also known as hyperchloremic acidosis. The HCO − 3 lost is replaced by a chloride anion, and thus there is a normal ...
CSF alb = 30. CSF glu = 60. CSF/S alb = 7.5. CSF/S glu = 0.6. The Alveolar–arterial gradient (A- aO. 2, [1] or A–a gradient ), is a measure of the difference between the alveolar concentration ( A) of oxygen and the arterial ( a) concentration of oxygen. It is a useful parameter for narrowing the differential diagnosis of hypoxemia.
Schematic representation of antibody. Anti-cardiolipin antibodies ( ACA) are antibodies often directed against cardiolipin and found in several diseases, including syphilis, [1] antiphospholipid syndrome, livedoid vasculitis, vertebrobasilar insufficiency, Behçet's syndrome, [2] idiopathic spontaneous abortion, [3] and systemic lupus ...
The back of a person with anorexia. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by attempts to lose weight by way of starvation. A person with anorexia nervosa may exhibit a number of signs and symptoms, the type and severity of which may vary and be present but not readily apparent. [ 21]