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2. Snellen chart - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snellen_chart

   Snellen chart. Purpose. Snellen chart is used to estimate visual acuity (last three rows are 20/15, 20/13 and 20/10) A Snellen chart is an eye chart that can be used to measure visual acuity. Snellen charts are named after the Dutch ophthalmologist Herman Snellen who developed the chart in 1862 as a measurement tool for the acuity formula ...

3. Eye chart - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_chart

   Landolt C. Lea test. logMAR chart. An eye chart is a chart used to measure visual acuity comprising lines of optotypes in ranges of sizes. Optotypes are the letters or symbols shown on an eye chart. [ 1] Eye charts are often used by health care professionals, such as optometrists, physicians and nurses, to screen persons for vision impairment.

4. List of instruments used in ophthalmology - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_instruments_used...

   Contact lenses. to correct refractive errors of the eye; a little invasive. Phoropter. used in refraction testing. Tonometers. used to determine the intraoccular pressure (IOP) - useful in glaucoma; video link for various types of tonometers. Speculum: to keep the eyes open during any operation. Universal eye speculum.

5. Amsler grid - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsler_grid

   The grid was developed by Marc Amsler, a Swiss ophthalmologist. It is a diagnostic tool that aids in the detection of visual disturbances caused by changes in the retina, particularly the macula (e.g. macular degeneration, Epiretinal membrane ), as well as the optic nerve and the visual pathway to the brain. Amsler grid usually help detecting ...

6. Jaeger chart - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaeger_chart

   The Jaeger chart is an eye chart used in testing near visual acuity. It is a card on which paragraphs of text are printed, with the text sizes increasing from 0.37 mm to 2.5 mm. [ 1] This card is to be held by a patient at a fixed distance from the eye dependent on the J size being read. The smallest print that the patient can read determines ...

7. Autorefractor - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorefractor

   These reflections are used to determine the size and shape of a ring in the retina which is located in the posterior part of the eye. By measuring this zone, the autorefractor can determine when a patient's eye properly focuses an image. The instrument changes its magnification until the image comes into focus.