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t. e. Cost of goods sold ( COGS) is the carrying value of goods sold during a particular period. Costs are associated with particular goods using one of the several formulas, including specific identification, first-in first-out (FIFO), or average cost. Costs include all costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs that are incurred ...
The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 is a United States federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices. [1] The Act required that railroad rates be "reasonable and just," but did not empower the government to fix specific rates. It also required that railroads publicize shipping rates and ...
Production–possibility frontier. In microeconomics, a production–possibility frontier ( PPF ), production possibility curve ( PPC ), or production possibility boundary ( PPB) is a graphical representation showing all the possible options of output for two goods that can be produced using all factors of production, where the given resources ...
Supply chain as connected supply and demand curves. In microeconomics, supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market. It postulates that, holding all else equal, the unit price for a particular good or other traded item in a perfectly competitive market, will vary until it settles at the market-clearing price, where ...
Containerization, also referred as container stuffing or container loading, is the process of unitization of cargoes in exports. Containerization is the predominant form of unitization of export cargoes, as opposed to other systems such as the barge system or palletization. [ 2] The containers have standardized dimensions.
The law of carriage of goods by sea is a body of law that governs the rights and duties of shippers, carriers and consignees of marine cargo. [ 1] Primarily concerned with cargo claims, this body of law combines the international commercial law, the law of the sea and admiralty laws . The typical obligations of a carrier by sea to a shipper of ...
Freight rate. A freight rate (historically and in ship chartering simply freight[ 1]) is a price at which a certain cargo is delivered from one point to another. The price depends on the form of the cargo, the mode of transport ( truck, ship, train, aircraft ), the weight of the cargo, and the distance to the delivery destination.
Economic efficiency. In microeconomics, economic efficiency, depending on the context, is usually one of the following two related concepts: [citation needed] Allocative or Pareto efficiency: any changes made to assist one person would harm another. Productive efficiency: no additional output of one good can be obtained without decreasing the ...