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A government interest is compelling if it is essential or necessary rather than a matter of choice, preference, or discretion. [1] When government action infringes an individual's fundamental rights, the government must show that the government's action is necessary to achieve a compelling government interest. The protection of public health ...
[44] [45] A common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of state is not a monarch. [46] [47] Montesquieu included both democracies, where all the people have a share in rule, and aristocracies or oligarchies, where only some of the people rule, as republican forms of government. [48] These categories are not exclusive.
Collective action theory. The collective action theory was first published by Mancur Olson in 1965. Olson argues that any group of individuals attempting to provide a public good has difficulty doing so efficiently. On the one hand individuals have incentives to "free-ride" on the efforts of others in certain groups and on the other hand the ...
New Jersey Plan. The New Jersey Plan (also known as the Small State Plan or the Paterson Plan) was a proposal for the structure of the United States Government presented during the Constitutional Convention of 1787. [ 1] Principally authored by William Paterson of New Jersey, the New Jersey Plan was an important alternative to the Virginia Plan ...
For Hamilton, the government was created because the endeavors of men do not conform to the "dictates of reason and justice" and groups of men act less carefully than those acting alone: "Regard to reputation," Hamilton writes, "has a less active influence, when the infamy of a bad action is to be divided among a number than when it is to fall ...
Infrastructure. In the U.S., critical infrastructure protection ( CIP) is a concept that relates to the preparedness and response to serious incidents that involve the critical infrastructure of a region or the nation. The American Presidential directive PDD-63 of May 1998 set up a national program of "Critical Infrastructure Protection". [ 1]
The Council of Europe has organized some action plans for helping its member states. An example of this is the Council of Europe Action Plan for the Republic of Moldova 2021–2024, created with the purpose of improving Moldova's situation on democracy, human rights and rule of law and its state institutions and legislation. [15]
Standing committee (United States Congress) In the United States Congress, standing committees are permanent legislative panels established by the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate rules. ( House Rule X, Senate Rule XXV.) Because they have legislative jurisdiction, standing committees consider bills and issues and ...