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French Braille is the original braille alphabet, and the basis of all others. The alphabetic order of French has become the basis of the international braille convention, used by most braille alphabets around the world. However, only the 25 basic letters of the French alphabet plus w have become internationalized; the additional letters are ...
Scribal abbreviation " iħm xp̄m ⁊ dm̄ " for " ihesum christum et deum " in a manuscript of the Epistle to the Galatians. Scribal abbreviations, or sigla ( singular: siglum ), are abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in various languages, including Latin, Greek, Old English and Old Norse .
English Braille, also known as Grade 2 Braille, [1] is the braille alphabet used for English. It consists of around 250 letters ( phonograms ), numerals, punctuation, formatting marks, contractions, and abbreviations ( logograms ). Some English Braille letters, such as ⠡ ch , [2] correspond to more than one letter in print.
W had been tacked onto the end of 39 letters of the French alphabet to accommodate English. The a–j series shifted down by one dot space (⠂ ⠆ ⠒ ⠲ ⠢ ⠖ ⠶ ⠦ ⠔ ⠴) is used for punctuation. Letters a ⠁ and c ⠉, which only use dots in the top row, were shifted two places for the apostrophe and hyphen: ⠄ ⠤. (These are also ...
you’dn’t’ve. you would not have / you wouldn’t have. you’ll. you shall / you will. you’re. you are. you’ve. you have. ^ Ain’t is used colloquially by some speakers as a substitute for a number of contractions, but is considered incorrect by others.
The apostrophe ( ' or ’) is a punctuation mark, and sometimes a diacritical mark, in languages that use the Latin alphabet and some other alphabets. In English, the apostrophe is used for three basic purposes: The marking of the omission of one or more letters, e.g. the contraction of "do not" to "don't".
The apostrophes represent the sounds that are removed and are not spoken but help the reader to understand that it is a contraction and not a word of its own. These contractions used to be written out when transcribed (i.e. cannot, is not, I am) even if they were pronounced as a contraction, but now they are always written as a contraction so ...
French orthography encompasses the spelling and punctuation of the French language.It is based on a combination of phonemic and historical principles. The spelling of words is largely based on the pronunciation of Old French c. 1100 –1200 AD, and has stayed more or less the same since then, despite enormous changes to the pronunciation of the language in the intervening years.