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The first calendars based on Zoroastrian cosmology appeared in the later Achaemenid period (650 to 330 BC). They evolved over the centuries, but month names changed little until now.
Calendar evolution came as a reformed Roman calendar, introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC. Based on the Julian calendar, there were 365.25 days in a year. Every four years, leap days are added to achieve this. The Julian calendar stayed the most accurate for more than 1,600 years.
The First Known Calendar Is From Prehistoric Scotland. In 2013, British archaeologists discovered what they consider the world’s oldest calendar, dating back to around 8000 BCE. The prehistoric calendar, located at Warren Field in Scotland, consists of 12 pits believed to have contained wooden posts representing months
Early man used the first calendars to mark the solstice and the passage of migrating animals in stone. The stone made their calendars hard to change or adapt to changing circumstances. Stone made their calendars hard to move around.
The first practical calendar to evolve from these requirements was the Egyptian, and it was this that the Romans developed into the Julian calendar that served western Europe for more than 1,500 years.
The calendar was created first by the Mesopotamians, who lived in the fertile crescent formed by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Motivated by agricultural requirements and astronomical observations, they created one of the oldest systems known to exist in the fourth millennium BCE.
The first king of Rome imposed a standardized 10-month calendar that began March 1, says John F. Miller, a UVA professor of classics. Some months seemed to be named after gods—March was Martius, after Mars, the god of war—and some were numerical, so the fifth month became Quintilis, the sixth Sextilis, the seventh September, and so on.
September through December were the seventh through tenth months of a calendar used by the first Romans. Ancient historian and Greek biographer Plutarch, wrote in C.E. 75, about how they became displaced to two positions higher than their names would indicate.
The earliest calendars must have been strongly influenced by the geographical location of the people who made them. In colder countries, the concept of the year was determined by the seasons, specifically by the end of winter.
The Gregorian calendar, also called the Western calendar and the Christian calendar, is internationally the most widely used civil calendar today. It is named after Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in October, 1582.