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  2. Atmospheric optics ray-tracing codes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_optics_ray...

    Atmospheric optics ray-tracing codes. Atmospheric optics ray tracing codes - this article list codes for light scattering using ray-tracing technique to study atmospheric optics phenomena such as rainbows and halos. Such particles can be large raindrops or hexagonal ice crystals. Such codes are one of many approaches to calculations of light ...

  3. Atmospheric radiative transfer codes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_radiative...

    The radiative transfer equation is a monochromatic equation to calculate radiance in a single layer of the Earth's atmosphere. To calculate the radiance for a spectral region with a finite width (e.g., to estimate the Earth's energy budget or simulate an instrument response), one has to integrate this over a band of frequencies (or wavelengths).

  4. Codes for electromagnetic scattering by spheres - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codes_for_electromagnetic...

    Majority of existing codes for calculation of electromagnetic scattering by a single sphere is based on Mie theory which is an analytical solution of Maxwell's equations in terms of infinite series. Other approximations to scattering by a single sphere include: Debye series, ray tracing ( geometrical optics ), ray tracing including the effects ...

  5. List of ray tracing software - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ray_tracing_software

    List of ray tracing software. Ray tracing is a technique that can generate near photo-realistic computer images. A wide range of free software and commercial software is available for producing these images. This article lists notable ray-tracing software. Software.

  6. Air mass (astronomy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_mass_(astronomy)

    When atmospheric refraction is considered, ray tracing becomes necessary (Kivalov 2007), and the absolute air mass integral becomes [7] = ⁡ where is the index of refraction of air at the observer's elevation above sea level, is the index of refraction at elevation above sea level, = +, = + is the distance from the center of the Earth to a ...

  7. 6S (radiative transfer code) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6S_(radiative_transfer_code)

    6S (radiative transfer code) 6SV1 ( S econd S imulation of a S atellite S ignal in the S olar S pectrum, V ector, version 1) is an advanced radiative transfer code designed to simulate the reflection of solar radiation by a coupled atmosphere-surface system for a wide range of atmospheric, spectral and geometrical conditions.

  8. Computation of radiowave attenuation in the atmosphere

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computation_of_radiowave...

    When a point S communicates with a point T, the orientation of the ray is specified by an elevation angle. In a naïve way, the angle can be given by tracing a straight line from S to T. This specification does not guarantee that the ray will reach T: the variation of refraction index bends the ray trajectory.

  9. Ray tracing (graphics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_tracing_(graphics)

    In 3D computer graphics, ray tracing is a technique for modeling light transport for use in a wide variety of rendering algorithms for generating digital images . On a spectrum of computational cost and visual fidelity, ray tracing-based rendering techniques, such as ray casting, recursive ray tracing, distribution ray tracing, photon mapping ...