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Depression is a mental state of low mood and aversion to activity. [3] It affects about 3.5% of the global population, or about 280 million people of all ages ...
Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder [ 9 ] characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. Introduced by a group of US clinicians in the mid-1970s, [ 10 ] the term was adopted by the American ...
Biology of depression. Scientific studies have found that different brain areas show altered activity in humans with major depressive disorder (MDD), [1] and this has encouraged advocates of various theories that seek to identify a biochemical origin of the disease, as opposed to theories that emphasize psychological or situational causes.
In the mid-20th century, researchers theorized that depression was caused by a chemical imbalance in neurotransmitters in the brain, a theory based on observations made in the 1950s of the effects of reserpine and isoniazid in altering monoamine neurotransmitter levels and affecting depressive symptoms. [32]
A major depressive episode (MDE) is a period characterized by symptoms of major depressive disorder. Those affected primarily exhibit a depressive mood for at least two weeks or more, and a loss of interest or pleasure in everyday activities. Other symptoms can include feelings of emptiness, hopelessness, anxiety, worthlessness, guilt ...
Base rates and prevalence. About 8% of children and adolescents suffer from depression. [7] In 2016, 51% of students (teens) who visited a counseling center reported having anxiety, followed by depression (41%), relationship concerns (34%) and suicidal ideation (20.5%). [8] Many students reported experiencing multiple conditions at once.
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is major depressive disorder in which an affected person does not respond adequately to at least two different antidepressant medications at an adequate dose and for an adequate duration. [1] Inadequate response has most commonly been defined as less than 25% reduction in depressive symptoms following ...
Long-term depression. In neurophysiology, long-term depression (LTD) is an activity-dependent reduction in the efficacy of neuronal synapses lasting hours or longer following a long patterned stimulus. LTD occurs in many areas of the CNS with varying mechanisms depending upon brain region and developmental progress. [1]
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