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Abilene paradox. The Abilene paradox is a collective fallacy, in which a group of people collectively decide on a course of action that is counter to the preferences of most or all individuals in the group, while each individual believes it to be aligned with the preferences of most of the others. [1] [2] It involves a breakdown of group ...
Conformity is the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms, politics or being like-minded. [1] Norms are implicit, specific rules, guidance shared by a group of individuals, that guide their interactions with others. People often choose to conform to society rather than to pursue personal desires – because it is often ...
Definition and context Confirmation bias, a phrase coined by English psychologist Peter Wason, is the tendency of people to favor information that confirms or strengthens their beliefs or values and is difficult to dislodge once affirmed. Confirmation biases are effects in information processing. They differ from what is sometimes called the behavioral confirmation effect, commonly known as ...
Administrative law. The doctrine of nondelegation (or non-delegation principle) is the theory that one branch of government must not authorize another entity to exercise the power or function which it is constitutionally authorized to exercise itself. It is explicit or implicit in all written constitutions that impose a strict structural ...
The forming–storming–norming–performing model of group development was first proposed by Bruce Tuckman in 1965, [1] who said that these phases are all necessary and inevitable in order for a team to grow, face up to challenges, tackle problems, find solutions, plan work, and deliver results. Tuckman suggested that these inevitable phases ...
A standard operating procedure ( SOP) is a set of step-by-step instructions compiled by an organization to help workers carry out routine operations. [1] SOPs aim to achieve efficiency, quality output, and uniformity of performance, while reducing miscommunication and failure to comply with industry regulations. [citation needed] Some military ...
The Court held that affirmative action programs "lack sufficiently focused and measurable objectives warranting the use of race, unavoidably employ race in a negative manner, involve racial stereotyping, and lack meaningful end points. We have never permitted admissions programs to work in that way, and we will not do so today".
An action plan is a detailed plan outlining actions needed to reach one or more goals. [1] [ citation needed ] Alternatively, it can be defined as a "sequence of steps that must be taken, or activities that must be performed well, for a strategy to succeed".