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Second-order logic. In logic and mathematics, second-order logic is an extension of first-order logic, which itself is an extension of propositional logic. [1] Second-order logic is in turn extended by higher-order logic and type theory . First-order logic quantifies only variables that range over individuals (elements of the domain of ...
An example of second-order conditioning. In classical conditioning, second-order conditioning or higher-order conditioning is a form of learning in which a stimulus is first made meaningful or consequential for an organism through an initial step of learning, and then that stimulus is used as a basis for learning about some new stimulus.
Second-order arithmetic, an axiomatization allowing quantification of sets of numbers. Second-order differential equation, a differential equation in which the highest derivative is the second. Second-order logic, an extension of predicate logic. Second-order perturbation, in perturbation theory.
The second derivative of a quadratic function is constant. In calculus, the second derivative, or the second-order derivative, of a function f is the derivative of the derivative of f. Informally, the second derivative can be phrased as "the rate of change of the rate of change"; for example, the second derivative of the position of an object ...
Second-order election is a term that appeared for the first time in Karlheinz Reif and Hermann Schmitt's "Nine second-order national elections – A conceptual framework for the analysis of European election results" article for the [European Journal of Political Research, in 1980]. [1] It was used to analyze the first European Parliament ...
Second-order cybernetics, also known as the cybernetics of cybernetics, is the recursive application of cybernetics to itself and the reflexive practice of cybernetics according to such a critique. It is cybernetics where "the role of the observer is appreciated and acknowledged rather than disguised, as had become traditional in western ...
Type of stochastic process. In mathematicsand statistics, a stationary process(or a strict/strictly stationary processor strong/strongly stationary process) is a stochastic processwhose unconditional joint probability distributiondoes not change when shifted in time. Consequently, parameters such as meanand variancealso do not change over time.
The dating platform lost almost half of its workforce in two weeks, including most of its engineering team, causing the company to reckon with technical issues as a result of its aggressive RTO order.