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Chemotherapy regimen. A chemotherapy regimen is a regimen for chemotherapy, defining the drugs to be used, their dosage, the frequency and duration of treatments, and other considerations. In modern oncology, many regimens combine several chemotherapy drugs in combination chemotherapy. The majority of drugs used in cancer chemotherapy are ...
TNM staging system. The TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors ( TNM) is a globally recognised standard for classifying the anatomical extent of the spread of malignant tumours (cancer). It has gained wide international acceptance for many solid tumor cancers, but is not applicable to leukaemia or tumors of the central nervous system.
Each patient will be assigned one of the following categories: 1) complete response, 2) partial response, 3) stable disease, 4) progressive disease, 5) early death from malignant disease, 6) early death from toxicity, 7) early death because of other cause, or 9) unknown (not assessable, insufficient data). All of the patients who met the ...
Cancer DALYs attributable to 11 Level 2 risk factors globally in 2019. [128] Cancer prevention is defined as active measures to decrease cancer risk. [129] The vast majority of cancer cases are due to environmental risk factors. Many of these environmental factors are controllable lifestyle choices. Thus, cancer is generally preventable. [130]
Chemoradiotherapy ( CRT, CRTx, CT-RT) is the combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy to treat cancer. [1] Synonyms include radiochemotherapy ( RCT, RCTx, RT-CT) and chemoradiation. It is a type of multimodal cancer therapy. Chemoradiation can be concurrent [2] (together) or sequential (one after the other). [3]
[3] [4] Cancer can be difficult to diagnose because its signs and symptoms are often nonspecific, meaning they may be general phenomena that do not point directly to a specific disease process. [5] In medicine, a sign is an objective piece of data that can be measured or observed, as in a high body temperature (fever), a rash, or a bruise. [6]
Determining the extent to which a cancer has developed. Cancer staging is the process of determining the extent to which a cancer has grown and spread. A number from I to IV is assigned, with I being an isolated cancer and IV being a cancer that has metastasized and spread from its origin. The stage generally takes into account the size of a ...
Cancer immunotherapy ( immuno-oncotherapy) is the stimulation of the immune system to treat cancer, improving the immune system's natural ability to fight the disease. [1] It is an application of the fundamental research of cancer immunology ( immuno-oncology) and a growing subspecialty of oncology . Cancer immunotherapy exploits the fact that ...