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The zone of proximal development ( ZPD) is a concept in educational psychology. It represents the space between what a learner is capable of doing unsupported and what the learner cannot do even with support. It is the range where the learner is able to perform, but only with support from a teacher or a peer with more knowledge or expertise (a ...
Cognitive development is defined as the emergence of the ability to consciously cognize, understand, and articulate their understanding in adult terms. Cognitive development is how a person perceives, thinks, and gains understanding of their world through the relations of genetic and learning factors. [ 1] There are four stages to cognitive ...
Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky (Russian: Лев Семёнович Выготский, [vɨˈɡotskʲɪj]; Belarusian: Леў Сямёнавіч Выгоцкі; November 17 [O.S. November 5] 1896 – June 11, 1934) was a Russian and Soviet psychologist, best known for his work on psychological development in children and creating the framework known as cultural-historical activity theory.
Piaget's cognitive development theory. Jean Piaget 's cognitive developmental theory describes four major stages from birth through puberty, the last of which starts at 12 years and has no terminating age: [ 11] Sensorimotor: (birth to 2 years), Preoperations: (2 to 7 years), Concrete operations: (7 to 11 years), and Formal Operations: (from 12 ...
The gradual release of responsibility ( GRR) model is a structured method of pedagogy centred on devolving responsibility within the learning process from the teacher to the learner. This approach requires the teacher to initially take on all the responsibility for a task, transitioning in stages to the students assuming full independence in ...
The psychology of learning refers to theories and research on how individuals learn. There are many theories of learning. Some take on a more behaviorist approach which focuses on inputs and reinforcements. [ 1][ 2][ 3] Other approaches, such as neuroscience and social cognition, focus more on how the brain's organization and structure ...
Infant cognitive development is the first stage of human cognitive development, in the youngest children. The academic field of infant cognitive development studies of how psychological processes involved in thinking and knowing develop in young children. [ 1] Information is acquired in a number of ways including through sight, sound, touch ...
Cultural-historical activity theory ( CHAT) [ 1] is a theoretical framework [ 2] which helps to understand and analyse the relationship between the human mind (what people think and feel) and activity (what people do). [ 3][ 4][ 5] It traces its origins to the founders [ 6] of the cultural-historical school of Russian psychology L. S. Vygotsky ...