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Shipping markets. The international shipping industry can be divided into four closely related shipping markets, each trading in a different commodity: the freight market, the sale and purchase market, the newbuilding market and the demolition market. These four markets are linked by cash flow and push the market traders in the direction they want.
In economics, elasticity measures the responsiveness of one economic variable to a change in another. [1] If the price elasticity of the demand of something is -2, a 10% increase in price causes the quantity demanded to fall by 20%. Elasticity in economics provides an understanding of changes in the behavior of the buyers and sellers with price ...
The law of carriage of goods by sea is a body of law that governs the rights and duties of shippers, carriers and consignees of marine cargo. [ 1] Primarily concerned with cargo claims, this body of law combines the international commercial law, the law of the sea and admiralty laws . The typical obligations of a carrier by sea to a shipper of ...
Freight rate. A freight rate (historically and in ship chartering simply freight[ 1]) is a price at which a certain cargo is delivered from one point to another. The price depends on the form of the cargo, the mode of transport ( truck, ship, train, aircraft ), the weight of the cargo, and the distance to the delivery destination.
Containerization, also referred as container stuffing or container loading, is the process of unitization of cargoes in exports. Containerization is the predominant form of unitization of export cargoes, as opposed to other systems such as the barge system or palletization. [ 2] The containers have standardized dimensions.
Outsourcing. Outsourcing is a business practice in which companies use external providers to carry out business processes that would otherwise be handled internally, [ 1][ 2] or in-house. [ 3] Outsourcing sometimes involves transferring employees and assets from one firm to another.
Definition and functions. A freight forwarder is an entity who co-ordinates and organizes the movement of shipments on behalf of a shipper (party that arranges an item for shipment) by liaising with carriers. [ 3] A carrier is an entity that actually transports goods and may use a variety of shipping modes, including ships, airplanes, trucks ...
The test of whether a clause is severable is an objective test—whether a reasonable person would see the contract standing even without the clauses. Typically, non-severable contracts only require the substantial performance of a promise rather than the whole or complete performance of a promise to warrant payment.