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2. Present value - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_value

   Present value. In economics and finance, present value ( PV ), also known as present discounted value, is the value of an expected income stream determined as of the date of valuation. The present value is usually less than the future value because money has interest -earning potential, a characteristic referred to as the time value of money ...

3. Discounting - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discounting

   Discounting. In finance, discounting is a mechanism in which a debtor obtains the right to delay payments to a creditor, for a defined period of time, in exchange for a charge or fee. [1] Essentially, the party that owes money in the present purchases the right to delay the payment until some future date. [2]

4. Net present value - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_present_value

   Net present value. The net present value ( NPV) or net present worth ( NPW) [1] is a way of measuring the value of an asset that has cashflow by adding up the present value of all the future cash flows that asset will generate. The present value of a cash flow depends on the interval of time between now and the cash flow because of the Time ...

5. Duration (finance) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duration_(finance)

   1. Estimate the bond value The coupons will be $50 in years 1, 2, 3 and 4. Then, on year 5, the bond will pay coupon and principal, for a total of $1050. Discounting to present value at 6.5%, the bond value is $937.66. The detail is the following: Year 1: $50 / (1 + 6.5%) ^ 1 = 46.95 Year 2: $50 / (1 + 6.5%) ^ 2 = 44.08

6. Actuarial notation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuarial_notation

   The symbol represents the present value of 1 to be paid one year from now: v = ( 1 + i ) − 1 ≈ 1 − i + i 2 {\displaystyle \,v={(1+i)}^{-1}\approx 1-i+i^{2}} This present value factor, or discount factor, is used to determine the amount of money that must be invested now in order to have a given amount of money in the future.

7. Perpetuity - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetuity

   where PV = present value of the perpetuity, A = the amount of the periodic payment, and r = yield, discount rate or interest rate. [2] To give a numerical example, a 3% UK government war loan will trade at 50 pence per pound in a yield environment of 6%, while at 3% yield it is trading at par.