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In classical mechanics, the kinetic energy of a point object (an object so small that its mass can be assumed to exist at one point), or a non-rotating rigid body depends on the mass of the body as well as its speed. The kinetic energy is equal to 1/2 the product of the mass and the square of the speed.
In more generality: For all p ≥ 1 and odd h, f p − 1 (2 p h − 1) = 2 × 3 p − 1 h − 1. (Here f p − 1 is function iteration notation.) For all odd h, f(2h − 1) ≤ 3h − 1 / 2 The Collatz conjecture is equivalent to the statement that, for all k in I, there exists an integer n ≥ 1 such that f n (k) = 1.
Lucas numbers have L 1 = 1, L 2 = 3, and L n = L n−1 + L n−2. Primefree sequences use the Fibonacci recursion with other starting points to generate sequences in which all numbers are composite. Letting a number be a linear function (other than the sum) of the 2 preceding numbers. The Pell numbers have P n = 2P n−1 + P n−2.
The duty cycle is defined as the ratio between the pulse duration, or pulse width ( ) and the period ( ) of a rectangular waveform. Spectrum in relation to duty cycle. A duty cycle or power cycle is the fraction of one period in which a signal or system is active. [ 1][ 2][ 3] Duty cycle is commonly expressed as a percentage or a ratio. A ...
Pell's equation. Pell's equation for n = 2 and six of its integer solutions. Pell's equation, also called the Pell–Fermat equation, is any Diophantine equation of the form where n is a given positive nonsquare integer, and integer solutions are sought for x and y. In Cartesian coordinates, the equation is represented by a hyperbola; solutions ...
The binomial distribution is the PMF of k successes given n independent events each with a probability p of success. Mathematically, when α = k + 1 and β = n − k + 1, the beta distribution and the binomial distribution are related by [clarification needed] a factor of n + 1 :
Each generator halves the number of runs required. A design with p such generators is a 1/(l p)=l −p fraction of the full factorial design. [3] For example, a 2 5 − 2 design is 1/4 of a two-level, five-factor factorial design.
Per-unit system. In the power systems analysis field of electrical engineering, a per-unit system is the expression of system quantities as fractions of a defined base unit quantity. Calculations are simplified because quantities expressed as per-unit do not change when they are referred from one side of a transformer to the other.