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Psychological pricing (also price ending or charm pricing) is a pricing and marketing strategy based on the theory that certain prices have a psychological impact. In this pricing method, retail prices are often expressed as just-below numbers: numbers that are just a little less than a round number, e.g. $19.99 or £2.98. [ 1]
Odd-Even pricing is often used by sellers to portray their products to be either cheaper or more expensive than their actual value. Sellers competing for price-sensitive consumers, will fix their product price to be odd. A good example of this can be noticed in most supermarkets where instead of pricing milk at £5, it would be written as £4.99.
Arbitrage pricing theory. In finance, arbitrage pricing theory ( APT) is a multi-factor model for asset pricing which relates various macro-economic (systematic) risk variables to the pricing of financial assets. Proposed by economist Stephen Ross in 1976, [ 1] it is widely believed to be an improved alternative to its predecessor, the capital ...
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In finance, the binomial options pricing model ( BOPM) provides a generalizable numerical method for the valuation of options. Essentially, the model uses a "discrete-time" ( lattice based) model of the varying price over time of the underlying financial instrument, addressing cases where the closed-form Black–Scholes formula is wanting.
For a put option, the option is in-the-money if the strike price is higher than the underlying spot price; then the intrinsic value is the strike price minus the underlying spot price. Otherwise the intrinsic value is zero. For example, when a DJI call (bullish/long) option is 18,000 and the underlying DJI Index is priced at $18,050 then there ...
In general, finite difference methods are used to price options by approximating the (continuous-time) differential equation that describes how an option price evolves over time by a set of (discrete-time) difference equations. The discrete difference equations may then be solved iteratively to calculate a price for the option. [ 4]
Value-based pricing. Value-based price (also value optimized pricing and charging what the market will bear) is a market-driven pricing strategy which sets the price of a good or service according to its perceived or estimated value. [1] The value that a consumer gives to a good or service, can then be defined as their willingness to pay for it ...