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Percentage. In mathematics, a percentage (from Latin per centum 'by a hundred') is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100. It is often denoted using the percent sign (%), [1] although the abbreviations pct., pct, and sometimes pc are also used. [2] A percentage is a dimensionless number (pure number), primarily used for expressing ...
Volume fraction. In chemistry and fluid mechanics, the volume fraction is defined as the volume of a constituent Vi divided by the volume of all constituents of the mixture V prior to mixing: [1] Being dimensionless, its unit is 1; it is expressed as a number, e.g., 0.18. It is the same concept as volume percent (vol%) except that the latter is ...
Decimal. Place value of number in decimal system. The decimal numeral system (also called the base-ten positional numeral system and denary / ˈdiːnəri / [1] or decanary) is the standard system for denoting integer and non-integer numbers. It is the extension to non-integer numbers ( decimal fractions) of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system.
Definitions 9 and 10 apply this, saying that if p, q and r are in proportion then p:r is the duplicate ratio of p:q and if p, q, r and s are in proportion then p:s is the triplicate ratio of p:q. Number of terms and use of fractions. In general, a comparison of the quantities of a two-entity ratio can be expressed as a fraction derived from the ...
Atomic ratio. The atomic ratio is a measure of the ratio of atoms of one kind (i) to another kind (j). A closely related concept is the atomic percent (or at.% ), which gives the percentage of one kind of atom relative to the total number of atoms. [1] The molecular equivalents of these concepts are the molar fraction, or molar percent .
Mass fraction (chemistry) In chemistry, the mass fraction of a substance within a mixture is the ratio (alternatively denoted ) of the mass of that substance to the total mass of the mixture. [1] Expressed as a formula, the mass fraction is: Because the individual masses of the ingredients of a mixture sum to , their mass fractions sum to unity:
In 1996, Simon Plouffe derived an algorithm to extract the n th decimal digit of π (using base 10 math to extract a base 10 digit), and which can do so with an improved speed of O(n 3 (log n) 3) time.
In stereochemistry, enantiomeric excess ( ee) is a measurement of purity used for chiral substances. It reflects the degree to which a sample contains one enantiomer in greater amounts than the other. A racemic mixture has an ee of 0%, while a single completely pure enantiomer has an ee of 100%. A sample with 70% of one enantiomer and 30% of ...