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2. Integer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer

   For example, 21, 4, 0, and −2048 are integers, while 9.75, ⁠5 + 1 / 2 ⁠, 5/4 and √ 2 are not. [8] The integers form the smallest group and the smallest ring containing the natural numbers. In algebraic number theory, the integers are sometimes qualified as rational integers to distinguish them from the more general algebraic integers.

3. Harmonic series (mathematics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_series_(mathematics)

   Calculus. In mathematics, the harmonic series is the infinite series formed by summing all positive unit fractions : The first terms of the series sum to approximately , where is the natural logarithm and is the Euler–Mascheroni constant. Because the logarithm has arbitrarily large values, the harmonic series does not have a finite limit: it ...

4. Normal distribution - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution

   In probability theory and statistics, a normal distribution or Gaussian distribution is a type of continuous probability distribution for a real-valued random variable.The general form of its probability density function is = The parameter is the mean or expectation of the distribution (and also its median and mode), while the parameter is the variance.

5. List of fractals by Hausdorff dimension - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fractals_by...

   According to Benoit Mandelbrot, "A fractal is by definition a set for which the Hausdorff-Besicovitch dimension strictly exceeds the topological dimension ." [1] Presented here is a list of fractals, ordered by increasing Hausdorff dimension, to illustrate what it means for a fractal to have a low or a high dimension.

6. Half-life - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life

   For example, the medical sciences refer to the biological half-life of drugs and other chemicals in the human body. The converse of half-life (in exponential growth) is doubling time. The original term, half-life period, dating to Ernest Rutherford's discovery of the principle in 1907, was shortened to half-life in the early 1950s. [1]

7. Exponential decay - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_decay

   Exponential decay. A quantity undergoing exponential decay. Larger decay constants make the quantity vanish much more rapidly. This plot shows decay for decay constant ( λ) of 25, 5, 1, 1/5, and 1/25 for x from 0 to 5. A quantity is subject to exponential decay if it decreases at a rate proportional to its current value.